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Psychology > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

sex

A

the biological state of being male or female determined by chromosomes then hormones

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2
Q

gender

A

the psychological status of masculinity or femininity

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3
Q

gender identity disorder

A

when a persons biological sex isn’t the same as their gender

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4
Q

Batista boys

A

family in the Dominican Republic
4 people in the family were identity as girls at birth until more testosterone was produced at puberty
penis was concealed inside at birth however due to lower testosterone appeared to be a girl
they are raised as girls until puberty
the boys had few problems to adjust and quickly adopted the new identity

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5
Q

sex role stereotypes

A

qualities/characteristics expected of each sex
becomes stereotypes applied as rules to be followed
teach children masculine and feminine norms to conform to
overemphasis differences between genders

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6
Q

socialising based on sex

A

incorrect stereotypes showed often experience hostility and pressure to conform
children police others
expectations
media

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7
Q

evaluation of sex-role stereotypes

A

cross-cultural differences suggest sex roles are cultural
experience influences more then biology
less stereotypes shown in the media
due to globalisation may see movement towards uniform sex-roles

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8
Q

Sood et al

A

12% of primary schools and 3% of nursery school teachers are male

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9
Q

Renzettie and curran

A

teachers praised boys for activities such as cleverness whereas girls praised for neatness

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10
Q

androgyny

A

displays a mix of both masculine and feminine characteristics

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11
Q

measuring androgyny

A

the bem sex role inventory BSRI

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12
Q

bem sex role inventory

BSRI

A

20 masculine traits and 20 feminine traits and 20 neutral traits
rate themselves on a 1-7 scale for each trait

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13
Q

androgyny

Bem

A

androgynous people are better equipped to adapt to a range of situations

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14
Q

androgyny

cognitive schema theory

A

androgyny people not influenced by sex-role stereotypes

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15
Q

positives of androgyny

A

traits piloted and rated- increased validity

high test-retest reliability

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16
Q

weaknesses of androgyny

A

those who score high on masculinity better adapted for society as western society values them traits
cultural bias
subjective-reduced reliability

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17
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

biologically male
additional X chromosome(XXY)
2/3 of those affected are unaware

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18
Q

physical characteristics of Klienfelters syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

breast development
infertile
reduced body hair

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19
Q

psychological characteristics of Klienfelters syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

poorly developed language
passive/shy
poor response to stress

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20
Q

Turner’s syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

biological female
absence of one X chromosome(Xo)
45 chromosomes not 46

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21
Q

physical characteristics of Turners syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

no menstrual cycle
underdeveloped breasts
webbed neck

22
Q

psychological characteristics of Turners syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

higher than average reading ability
math skills lower then average
socially immature

23
Q

strengths of Atypical chromosomes

A

contribution to nature-nuture debate(heavily nature)

practical applications-raised awareness, better treatment

24
Q

weaknesses of Atypical chromosomes

A

effect may be nurture as how people treat them differently affect behaviour
not generlisable
idea of atypical based on stereotypical norms

25
Q

testosterone

role of hormones

A

steroid hormone
influence starts in early pregnancy
linked to aggression

26
Q

testosterone
Nanne Van De Poll et al
role of hormones

A

female rates who had been injected with testosterone became more physically and sexually aggressive

27
Q

oestrogen

role of hormones

A

group of steroid hormones
development and maintenance of female body characteristics
physical and psychological effects

28
Q

oestrogen
Pepe et al
role of hormones

A

increasing oestrogen in pregnant baboons led to heightened cortisol production leading to the development of organs and tissues in foetus and reduced level of miscarriage

29
Q

oxytocin

role of hormones

A

neurotransmitter produced in/outside the brain in both sexes
controls aspects of reproduction system
greater action in females

30
Q

oxytocin
Elbourne et al
role of hormones

A

administration in 3000 participants during 3rd stage of labour, found reduced blood loss, highlighting the role in successful childbirth

31
Q

strengths of the role of hormones in gender and sex

A

practical application-child birth

supportive research

32
Q

weaknesses of role of hormones in gender and sex

A

animal studies

biological reductionist

33
Q

androgens

role of hormones

A

male hormones

34
Q

androgen insensitivity disorder (AID)

role of hormones

A

when someone who is biologically male is resistant to androgens and as a result possess some/all physical traits of a female

35
Q

complete androgen insensitivity disorder (CAID)

role of hormones

A

testosterone has no effect on sexual development so genitals are entirely female

36
Q

partial androgen insensitivity disorder (PAID)

role of hormones

A

testosterone still some some effect on sexual development so genitals are often between male and female

37
Q

case of Ryan McKenna

role of hormones

A

developed female traits in puberty

identified as female as a child

38
Q

strengths of case of Ryan McKenna

role of hormones

A

qualitative date-detail
provides starting point for other research
ethical

39
Q

weaknesses of case of Ryan McKenna

role of hormones

A

not generlisable
subjective
time consuming

40
Q

case of Casta semenya

A

south African 800m runner

accused of cheating for being intersex

41
Q

cognitive explanation

A

understanding of gender runs parallel to intellectual development
actively structuring
interactions with environment

42
Q

cognitive theory

piaget

A

children process through stages of understanding as their level of biological maturity allowed them to do so

43
Q

cognitive theory

Kohlberg

A

saw changes in gender thinking as the outcome of are-related changes in a child’s cognitive abilities

44
Q

Kohlberg’s theory
cognitive theory
stages

A

stage 1- gender labelling
stage 2-gender stability
stage 3- gender constancy

45
Q

Kohlberg’s theory
cognitive theory
gender labelling

A

18 months-3 years
children can correctly identify themselves as boy or girl
at age 3 mostly able to recognise others as male/female

46
Q

Kohlberg’s theory
cognitive theory
gender stability

A

from 4
realisation of staying the same gender
this logic can’t be applied to other people
often be confused by outwards appearance if changed

47
Q

Kohlberg’s theory
cognitive theory
gender constancy

A

from 6
gender will remain
can apply this logic to other people

48
Q

Kohlberg’s theory

A

understanding seen as occurring through environmental interactions
children understand gender different at different ages
gender-role behaviour only apparent after gender constancy
imitate same-sex model

49
Q

cognitive theory

Maccoby and Jacklin

A

self-socialisation-doesn’t depend on external reinforcement
media
no reinforcement

50
Q

strengths of Kohlberg

A

supportive research (Martin and Halverson)
quantitative data-easy to analyse
predictive power

51
Q

supportive research of Kohlberg

Martin and Halverson

A

found that children under the age of 6 were more likely to remember photos of gender-consistent behaviour
children tend to change the sex of the person carry out the gender inconsistent act when asked to recall them

52
Q

weaknesses of Kohlberg

A

predicts little gender specific behaviour before consistency is reached
children interviews-lack validity as children may not be able to express view

Psychology (11 decks)

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