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Psychology > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

1
Q

sex

A

the biological state of being male or female determined by chromosomes then hormones

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2
Q

gender

A

the psychological status of masculinity or femininity

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3
Q

gender identity disorder

A

when a persons biological sex isn’t the same as their gender

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4
Q

Batista boys

A

family in the Dominican Republic
4 people in the family were identity as girls at birth until more testosterone was produced at puberty
penis was concealed inside at birth however due to lower testosterone appeared to be a girl
they are raised as girls until puberty
the boys had few problems to adjust and quickly adopted the new identity

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5
Q

sex role stereotypes

A

qualities/characteristics expected of each sex
becomes stereotypes applied as rules to be followed
teach children masculine and feminine norms to conform to
overemphasis differences between genders

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6
Q

socialising based on sex

A

incorrect stereotypes showed often experience hostility and pressure to conform
children police others
expectations
media

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7
Q

evaluation of sex-role stereotypes

A

cross-cultural differences suggest sex roles are cultural
experience influences more then biology
less stereotypes shown in the media
due to globalisation may see movement towards uniform sex-roles

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8
Q

Sood et al

A

12% of primary schools and 3% of nursery school teachers are male

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9
Q

Renzettie and curran

A

teachers praised boys for activities such as cleverness whereas girls praised for neatness

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10
Q

androgyny

A

displays a mix of both masculine and feminine characteristics

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11
Q

measuring androgyny

A

the bem sex role inventory BSRI

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12
Q

bem sex role inventory

BSRI

A

20 masculine traits and 20 feminine traits and 20 neutral traits
rate themselves on a 1-7 scale for each trait

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13
Q

androgyny

Bem

A

androgynous people are better equipped to adapt to a range of situations

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14
Q

androgyny

cognitive schema theory

A

androgyny people not influenced by sex-role stereotypes

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15
Q

positives of androgyny

A

traits piloted and rated- increased validity

high test-retest reliability

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16
Q

weaknesses of androgyny

A

those who score high on masculinity better adapted for society as western society values them traits
cultural bias
subjective-reduced reliability

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17
Q

Klinefelters syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

biologically male
additional X chromosome(XXY)
2/3 of those affected are unaware

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18
Q

physical characteristics of Klienfelters syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

breast development
infertile
reduced body hair

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19
Q

psychological characteristics of Klienfelters syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

poorly developed language
passive/shy
poor response to stress

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20
Q

Turner’s syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

biological female
absence of one X chromosome(Xo)
45 chromosomes not 46

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21
Q

physical characteristics of Turners syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

no menstrual cycle
underdeveloped breasts
webbed neck

22
Q

psychological characteristics of Turners syndrome

role of chromosomes

A

higher than average reading ability
math skills lower then average
socially immature

23
Q

strengths of Atypical chromosomes

A

contribution to nature-nuture debate(heavily nature)

practical applications-raised awareness, better treatment

24
Q

weaknesses of Atypical chromosomes

A

effect may be nurture as how people treat them differently affect behaviour
not generlisable
idea of atypical based on stereotypical norms

25
testosterone | role of hormones
steroid hormone influence starts in early pregnancy linked to aggression
26
testosterone Nanne Van De Poll et al role of hormones
female rates who had been injected with testosterone became more physically and sexually aggressive
27
oestrogen | role of hormones
group of steroid hormones development and maintenance of female body characteristics physical and psychological effects
28
oestrogen Pepe et al role of hormones
increasing oestrogen in pregnant baboons led to heightened cortisol production leading to the development of organs and tissues in foetus and reduced level of miscarriage
29
oxytocin | role of hormones
neurotransmitter produced in/outside the brain in both sexes controls aspects of reproduction system greater action in females
30
oxytocin Elbourne et al role of hormones
administration in 3000 participants during 3rd stage of labour, found reduced blood loss, highlighting the role in successful childbirth
31
strengths of the role of hormones in gender and sex
practical application-child birth | supportive research
32
weaknesses of role of hormones in gender and sex
animal studies | biological reductionist
33
androgens | role of hormones
male hormones
34
androgen insensitivity disorder (AID) | role of hormones
when someone who is biologically male is resistant to androgens and as a result possess some/all physical traits of a female
35
complete androgen insensitivity disorder (CAID) | role of hormones
testosterone has no effect on sexual development so genitals are entirely female
36
partial androgen insensitivity disorder (PAID) | role of hormones
testosterone still some some effect on sexual development so genitals are often between male and female
37
case of Ryan McKenna | role of hormones
developed female traits in puberty | identified as female as a child
38
strengths of case of Ryan McKenna | role of hormones
qualitative date-detail provides starting point for other research ethical
39
weaknesses of case of Ryan McKenna | role of hormones
not generlisable subjective time consuming
40
case of Casta semenya
south African 800m runner | accused of cheating for being intersex
41
cognitive explanation
understanding of gender runs parallel to intellectual development actively structuring interactions with environment
42
cognitive theory | piaget
children process through stages of understanding as their level of biological maturity allowed them to do so
43
cognitive theory | Kohlberg
saw changes in gender thinking as the outcome of are-related changes in a child's cognitive abilities
44
Kohlberg's theory cognitive theory stages
stage 1- gender labelling stage 2-gender stability stage 3- gender constancy
45
Kohlberg's theory cognitive theory gender labelling
18 months-3 years children can correctly identify themselves as boy or girl at age 3 mostly able to recognise others as male/female
46
Kohlberg's theory cognitive theory gender stability
from 4 realisation of staying the same gender this logic can't be applied to other people often be confused by outwards appearance if changed
47
Kohlberg's theory cognitive theory gender constancy
from 6 gender will remain can apply this logic to other people
48
Kohlberg's theory
understanding seen as occurring through environmental interactions children understand gender different at different ages gender-role behaviour only apparent after gender constancy imitate same-sex model
49
cognitive theory | Maccoby and Jacklin
self-socialisation-doesn't depend on external reinforcement media no reinforcement
50
strengths of Kohlberg
supportive research (Martin and Halverson) quantitative data-easy to analyse predictive power
51
supportive research of Kohlberg | Martin and Halverson
found that children under the age of 6 were more likely to remember photos of gender-consistent behaviour children tend to change the sex of the person carry out the gender inconsistent act when asked to recall them
52
weaknesses of Kohlberg
predicts little gender specific behaviour before consistency is reached children interviews-lack validity as children may not be able to express view

Psychology (11 decks)

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