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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

introspection

A

systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up the conscious awareness into basic structures, images and sensations

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2
Q

first lab dedicated to psychology

A

Wundts lab

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3
Q

Wundts lab

A

wundt aimed to document and describe the nature of human consciousness(introspection)
he and his co-workers recorded own consciousness by breaking it down and isolating the consciousness(structuralism)
conditions were controlled-same instructions given to each participant

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4
Q

timeline of psychology

A 
experimental philosophy 
wundts lab 
fraud-psychodynamic 
watson- behaviourist 
roger and maslow- humanist 
cognitive 
bandura- social learning 
biological 
cognitive neuroscience
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5
Q

behaviourist assumption

A 
behaviour is learn by experience/association
reinforcement/punishment 
nurture 
observable/measured 
lab experiments 
environmental determinism 
mechanistic 
animal studies 
phobias- real life application
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6
Q

behaviourism

classical conditioning

A

learning through association
when 2 stimuli are presented together (the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus|) the the neutral stimulus eventually produces same response

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7
Q

behaviourism
classical conditioning
pavlov’s dogs

A 
uc- food 
ur- salivation 
ns- bell 
cs- bell 
cr- salivation
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8
Q

operant conditioning

A

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment

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9
Q

operant conditioning

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

prise from a teacher for answering a question correctly

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10
Q

operant conditioning

negative reinforcement

A

when an animal/person avoids something unpleasant

when a student hands in an essay to avoid getting a DT

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11
Q

operant conditioning

punishment

A

an unpleasant consequence of behaviour

being shouted at for talking in lesson

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12
Q

social learning theory assumptions

A

learning through observation/imitation of others

behaviour can be learnt both directly and indirectly

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13
Q

social learning theory

vicarious reinforcement

A

an individual observes the behaviour of others and may imitate this behaviour after it has been rewarded

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14
Q

social learning theory
vicarious reinforcement
Bandura et al

A

recorded behaviour of young children who saw an adult behave aggressively towards a bobo doll, when the children where later observed playing those who had seen the aggressive behaviour then played more aggressively then those who observed non-aggressive adults

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15
Q

social learning theory

mediational processes

A

attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation

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16
Q

social learning theory
mediational processes
attention

A

the extent to which an individual pays attention to an action

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17
Q

social learning theory
mediational processes
retention

A

remembering the behaviour

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18
Q

social learning theory
mediational processes
motor reproduction

A

the ability of the individual to perform the action/behaviour observed

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19
Q

social learning theory
mediational processes
motivation

A

the will to perform the action/behaviour

often determined by whether or not the behaviour was rewarded

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20
Q

social learning theory

identification

A

people are more likely to imitate the behaviour if the person is seen to be a role model(modelling) a person is a role model if they have similar characteristics/higher status
role model doesn’t have to be physically present(media)

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21
Q

cognitive assumptions

A

internal mental processes should be studied scientifically
mental processes are private and can’t be observed
studied indirectly by making inferences

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22
Q

cognitive

theoretical model

A

information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages that include input, storage and retrieval
e.g. multi-store model

23
Q

cognitive

computer model

A

suggest similarities in the way the information is processed, a central processing unit (brain), concept of coding and the use of stores

24
Q

cognitive

role of schemas

A

mental framework that help interpret information and experience and respond to stimuli appropriately by organising things you know

25
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A 
modern brain imaging techniques 
biological basis to mental processes 
lesion studies(brain damaging/behaviour)
electrophysiology(brain activity/waves)
neuroimaging(PET scans)
26
Q

biological approach assumptions

A

everything psychological is first biological

genes, neurochemistry and nervous system

27
Q

biological approach

genetic basis

A

behavioural characteristics are inherited the same way physical characteristics are

28
Q

genotype

A

a persons genetic make up

29
Q

phenotype

A

the influence of environment on genes

30
Q

humanistic basic assumptions

A 
every individual is unique 
idiographic 
free will (can be restricted by social rules, laws and morals) 
people should be viewed holistically 
not scientific 
self actualisation
31
Q

humanistic

theory of focus

A

daniels- being fully focused on performance as the person is driven to improve increase personal growth
positive attitude is a critical factor

32
Q

Humanistic

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A 
psychological-food, water,sleep 
safety-security of property/employment 
love/belonging-friends/family 
esteem-confidence/self-esteem 
self-actualisation-morality/creativity
33
Q

Humanistic

Rogers focus of self

A 
self concept 
ideal self 
real self 
congruence 
conditions of worth
34
Q

Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
self concept

A

the self you feel you are- linked to self esteem

35
Q

Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
ideal self

A

the self you wish to be

36
Q

Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
real self

A

the person you actually are

37
Q

Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
congruence

A

coming together
needed to get self-actualisation
self concept and real self are the same
need unconditional positive regards

38
Q

Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
condition of worth

A

requirements that need to be met in order to feel loved

unconditional positive regard(lack of unconditional love)

39
Q

psychodynamic assumptions

A

behaviours and feeling are affected by unconscious motives
behaviour and feelings rooted in childhood
all behaviour has a cause
determinist
personality is made up of the id,ego and superego

40
Q

psychodynamic

id

A

unconscious
made up of selfish, aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
only one present at birth

41
Q

psychodynamic

ego

A

the reality check, the balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego
develops at around age 2
employs defence mechanisms

42
Q

psychodynamic

superego

A

the morality part of out personality which represents the ideal self
formed at the end of the phallic stage

43
Q

psychodynamic

defence mechanisms-ego

A

repression
denial
displacement

44
Q

psychodynamic
defence mechanisms-ego
repression

A

forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

45
Q

psychodynamic
defence mechanisms-ego
denial

A

refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

46
Q

psychodynamic
defence mechanisms-ego
displacement

A

transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion, onto a substitute target

47
Q

psychosexual stages of development

Fraud

A 
oral 
anal 
phallic 
latency 
genital
48
Q

psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
oral

A

0-1 years old
focus of pleasure is the month, satisfaction from putting things in month to satisfy the libido
personalities-smokers/nail biters especially when under stress

49
Q

psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
anal

A

child derives pleasure from defecating

early/harsh potty training can lead to the child becoming an anal-retentive personality that hates mess

50
Q

psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
phallic stage

A

oedipus and electra

51
Q

psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
latency

A

no further psychosexual development

developing new skills/knowledge becomes confined to other children of the same gender

52
Q

psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
genital

A

sexual instinct is directed to hetro-sexual pleasure rather than self pleasure like during the phallic stage
the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through hetrosexual sex

53
Q

psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
Oedipus complex

A

conflict arises because the boy develops sexual desires for his mother
wants possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to do so
father were to find out about this, father would take away his penis (castration anxiety)
resolves this problem by imitating masculine dad-type behaviour
the boy takes on a masculine role and adopts an ego ideal and values that becomes the superego

54
Q

psychosexual stages of development
Fraud/Joung
electra complex

A

the girl desires the father but realises that she doesn’t have a penis
development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy
resolves this be repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with a wish for a baby
blames her mother for castrated state
represses feelings
identifies with mother to take on gender female roles

Psychology (11 decks)

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