Approaches Flashcards
introspection
systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up the conscious awareness into basic structures, images and sensations
first lab dedicated to psychology
Wundts lab
Wundts lab
wundt aimed to document and describe the nature of human consciousness(introspection)
he and his co-workers recorded own consciousness by breaking it down and isolating the consciousness(structuralism)
conditions were controlled-same instructions given to each participant
timeline of psychology
experimental philosophy wundts lab fraud-psychodynamic watson- behaviourist roger and maslow- humanist cognitive bandura- social learning biological cognitive neuroscience
behaviourist assumption
behaviour is learn by experience/association reinforcement/punishment nurture observable/measured lab experiments environmental determinism mechanistic animal studies phobias- real life application
behaviourism
classical conditioning
learning through association
when 2 stimuli are presented together (the unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus|) the the neutral stimulus eventually produces same response
behaviourism
classical conditioning
pavlov’s dogs
uc- food ur- salivation ns- bell cs- bell cr- salivation
operant conditioning
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
operant conditioning
positive reinforcement
receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
prise from a teacher for answering a question correctly
operant conditioning
negative reinforcement
when an animal/person avoids something unpleasant
when a student hands in an essay to avoid getting a DT
operant conditioning
punishment
an unpleasant consequence of behaviour
being shouted at for talking in lesson
social learning theory assumptions
learning through observation/imitation of others
behaviour can be learnt both directly and indirectly
social learning theory
vicarious reinforcement
an individual observes the behaviour of others and may imitate this behaviour after it has been rewarded
social learning theory
vicarious reinforcement
Bandura et al
recorded behaviour of young children who saw an adult behave aggressively towards a bobo doll, when the children where later observed playing those who had seen the aggressive behaviour then played more aggressively then those who observed non-aggressive adults
social learning theory
mediational processes
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation
social learning theory
mediational processes
attention
the extent to which an individual pays attention to an action
social learning theory
mediational processes
retention
remembering the behaviour
social learning theory
mediational processes
motor reproduction
the ability of the individual to perform the action/behaviour observed
social learning theory
mediational processes
motivation
the will to perform the action/behaviour
often determined by whether or not the behaviour was rewarded
social learning theory
identification
people are more likely to imitate the behaviour if the person is seen to be a role model(modelling) a person is a role model if they have similar characteristics/higher status
role model doesn’t have to be physically present(media)
cognitive assumptions
internal mental processes should be studied scientifically
mental processes are private and can’t be observed
studied indirectly by making inferences
cognitive
theoretical model
information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages that include input, storage and retrieval
e.g. multi-store model
cognitive
computer model
suggest similarities in the way the information is processed, a central processing unit (brain), concept of coding and the use of stores
cognitive
role of schemas
mental framework that help interpret information and experience and respond to stimuli appropriately by organising things you know
cognitive neuroscience
modern brain imaging techniques biological basis to mental processes lesion studies(brain damaging/behaviour) electrophysiology(brain activity/waves) neuroimaging(PET scans)
biological approach assumptions
everything psychological is first biological
genes, neurochemistry and nervous system
biological approach
genetic basis
behavioural characteristics are inherited the same way physical characteristics are
genotype
a persons genetic make up
phenotype
the influence of environment on genes
humanistic basic assumptions
every individual is unique idiographic free will (can be restricted by social rules, laws and morals) people should be viewed holistically not scientific self actualisation
humanistic
theory of focus
daniels- being fully focused on performance as the person is driven to improve increase personal growth
positive attitude is a critical factor
Humanistic
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
psychological-food, water,sleep safety-security of property/employment love/belonging-friends/family esteem-confidence/self-esteem self-actualisation-morality/creativity
Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
self concept ideal self real self congruence conditions of worth
Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
self concept
the self you feel you are- linked to self esteem
Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
ideal self
the self you wish to be
Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
real self
the person you actually are
Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
congruence
coming together
needed to get self-actualisation
self concept and real self are the same
need unconditional positive regards
Humanistic
Rogers focus of self
condition of worth
requirements that need to be met in order to feel loved
unconditional positive regard(lack of unconditional love)
psychodynamic assumptions
behaviours and feeling are affected by unconscious motives
behaviour and feelings rooted in childhood
all behaviour has a cause
determinist
personality is made up of the id,ego and superego
psychodynamic
id
unconscious
made up of selfish, aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
only one present at birth
psychodynamic
ego
the reality check, the balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego
develops at around age 2
employs defence mechanisms
psychodynamic
superego
the morality part of out personality which represents the ideal self
formed at the end of the phallic stage
psychodynamic
defence mechanisms-ego
repression
denial
displacement
psychodynamic
defence mechanisms-ego
repression
forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
psychodynamic
defence mechanisms-ego
denial
refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
psychodynamic
defence mechanisms-ego
displacement
transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion, onto a substitute target
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
oral anal phallic latency genital
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
oral
0-1 years old
focus of pleasure is the month, satisfaction from putting things in month to satisfy the libido
personalities-smokers/nail biters especially when under stress
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
anal
child derives pleasure from defecating
early/harsh potty training can lead to the child becoming an anal-retentive personality that hates mess
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
phallic stage
oedipus and electra
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
latency
no further psychosexual development
developing new skills/knowledge becomes confined to other children of the same gender
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
genital
sexual instinct is directed to hetro-sexual pleasure rather than self pleasure like during the phallic stage
the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through hetrosexual sex
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud
Oedipus complex
conflict arises because the boy develops sexual desires for his mother
wants possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to do so
father were to find out about this, father would take away his penis (castration anxiety)
resolves this problem by imitating masculine dad-type behaviour
the boy takes on a masculine role and adopts an ego ideal and values that becomes the superego
psychosexual stages of development
Fraud/Joung
electra complex
the girl desires the father but realises that she doesn’t have a penis
development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy
resolves this be repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with a wish for a baby
blames her mother for castrated state
represses feelings
identifies with mother to take on gender female roles
