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Psychology > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

experimental designs

A

different ways in which testing participants can be organised in relation too experimental conditions
matched pairs
repeated measures
independent measures

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2
Q

matched pairs

A

each condition uses different but similar participants

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3
Q

repeated measures

A

all participants experience both conditions

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4
Q

independent measures

A

participants experience 1 level of the IV

2 separate groups experience 2 different conditions

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5
Q

strengths of independent measures

A

avoids order effects

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6
Q

weaknesses of independent measures

A

less economical

extraneous variables

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7
Q

strengths of repeated measures

A

more economical

less chance of extraneous variables

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8
Q

weaknesses of repeated measures

A

order effects

more chance of demand characteristics

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9
Q

strengths of matched pairs

A

less individual differences

avoids order effects

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10
Q

weaknesses of matched pairs

A

time consuming

still extraneous variables

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11
Q

levels of data

A

nominal
interval
ordinal

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12
Q

nominal levels of data

A

categorise/classification

time of the day-AM or PM

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13
Q

ordinal levels of data

A

ordinal scale indicates direction

time of the day-night, dawn, noon, afternoon, evening

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14
Q

interval levels of data

A

same distance between each variable

time of day-1,2,3,4,5

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15
Q

graph distribution

A

normal
right-skew
left-skew

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16
Q

normal distribution

A

the graph isn’t skewed
both sides are even
mean, median, mode are all in the middle of the graph

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17
Q

right-skew

A

positive skew
right side is longer
mode is to the left of median and mode

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18
Q

left-skew

A

negative skew
left side is longer
mode is to the right of mean and median

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19
Q

hypothesis

A

null
alternative
directional
non-directional

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20
Q

null hypothesis

A

result is due to chance

no relationship between variables

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21
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

a relationship between the variables

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22
Q

directional hypothesis

A

significant increase
significant decrease
states the difference between the 2 variables

23
Q

non-directional hypothesis

A

significant difference

states there will be a difference between the 2 variables

24
Q

type 1 errors

A

the link is mistaken
believe the null hypothesis isn’t true so reject it
false positive
in reality the null is true

25
Q

type 2 erros

A

don’t think there is a link but there is
believe the null hypothesis is true
false negative
in reality the null isn’t true

26
Q

values

A

find significant difference to accept/reject the null hypothesis

27
Q

critical values

A

determines whether a result represents a real difference
value a test result must exceed to be considered to be significant
result compared to the critical value

28
Q

observed value

A

observed value is compared to critical value

values found by conducting research

29
Q

predictive validity

A

the extent to which findings can be used as an indication of future performance

30
Q

concurrent validity

A

the extent to which a measure relates to an existing similar measure

31
Q

face/content validity

A

where a measure is scrutinised to see whether it appears to measure what is it supposed to

32
Q

historical/temporal validity

A

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other times/era

33
Q

ecological validity

A

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other settings/situations

34
Q

construct validity

A

the extent to which findings fit with theoretical knowledge

35
Q

population validity

A

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other groups/individuals

36
Q

internal validity

A

face/content
concurrent
construct

37
Q

external validity

A

predictive
ecological
historical/temporal
population

38
Q

internal reliability

A

the consistency of the measuring device

39
Q

external reliability

A

the consistency of the measure device over time

40
Q

assessing internal reliability

A

spilt half

41
Q

assessing external reliability

A

test-retest method

42
Q

features of a science

A 
objectivity 
falsifiable 
paradigm 
replicability 
theory construction 
empirical method
43
Q

feature of science

objectivity

A

information based on fact

44
Q

features of a science

falsifiable

A

the principle that a theory can’t be considered scientific unless it admits the possibility of being proved untrue

45
Q

features of a science

paradigm

A

set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within scientific discipline

46
Q

features of a science

replicability

A

the extent to which scientific procedure can be repeated

47
Q

extraneous variable

A

any other variable that isn’t the IV which can effect the DV if it isn’t controlled for

48
Q

confounding variables

A

any variable other then the IV which may have affected the DV

49
Q

randomisation

A

the use of chance in order to control for the effects of researcher bias

50
Q

lab experiment

A

experiment that takes place in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV

51
Q

Field experiments

A

an experiment that takes place in a natural setting within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV

52
Q

natural experiment

A

an experiment where the change of the IV isn’t brought about by the researcher and would have occurred if the researcher wasn’t there
the research records this effect on the DV

53
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

the IV hasn’t be determined by anyone the variables just exist

Psychology (11 decks)

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