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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

reciprocity

A

how mother and infant interact by responding to each others signals

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2
Q

interactional synchrony

A

mother infant reflect both the actions and emotions of each other and do this in a synchronised manner

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3
Q

interactional synchrony

Isabella et al

A

30 mother infants pairs
assessed interactional synchrony and mother infant relationships
high levels of synchrony and quality of relationship

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4
Q

stages of attachment

Schaffer and Emerson

A

Asocial attachments
Indiscriminate attachments
Specific attachments
multiple attachments

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5
Q

Asocial

stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson

A

show some preference to familiar adults

recognise/start to form bonds with carer

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6
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson

A

2-7 months
show preference to people not objects/recognise familiar adults
no separation/stranger anxiety

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7
Q

Specific attachment

stages of attachment-Schaffer and Emerson

A

around 7 months
show separation/stranger anxiety
specific attachment with primary care giver

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8
Q

Multiple attachment

stages of attachment-Schaffer and Emerson

A

after attachment is formed with one adult the baby starts to express attachment behaviours to others

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9
Q

Monotropic theory

A

Bowlby

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10
Q

Bowlbys Monotropic theory

A

monotropy
social releases
internal working model

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11
Q

strengths of carer-infant interactions

A

research uses controlled observation-validity

research support-Isabella et al

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12
Q

weaknesses of carer-infant interactions

A

hard to know what exactly is happening

doesn’t give any further detail

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13
Q

parent-infant attachment

Schaffer and Emerson

A

the mother is normally the first attachment formed secondary attachments are normally made a few weeks after
75% of infants formed attachment with father by 18 months

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14
Q

role of the father

Grossman

A

longitudinal study
quality of attachment with mothers was related to attachment in teens but not father
quality of father play related to attachment in teens

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15
Q

fathers as primary caregivers

field

A

filmed 4 month old infants face to face interaction with mother primary caregiver, father secondary caregiver, father primary caregiver
father primary caregivers like mother primary caregiver spends more time smiling/holding infants, this behaviour is more important when forming attachment

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16
Q

stages of attachment

Schaffer and Emerson research

A

60 babies 31 boys and 29 girls
Glasgow working class families
baby and mother visited at home for first year and at 18 months
asked questions about stranger and separation anxiety
weeks 25-32 50% of babies showed separation anxiety
by 40 weeks 80% had specific attachment and 30% had multiple attachments

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17
Q

strengths of Schaffer and Emerson research

A

good validity

detailed qualitative data

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18
Q

weaknesses of Schaffer and Emerson research

A

small sample

longitudinal study-high drop out rate

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19
Q

factors that affect the relationship between fathers and children

A

degree of sensitivity
type of attachment with own parents
marital intimacy
supportive co-parenting

20
Q

Lorenz’s research

imprinting

A

randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs-half hatched with mother in natural environment and other in an incubator with the first moving object they saw being Lorenz
incubator group followed everywhere and control group followed mother
identified critical period in which imprinting takes place
if imprinting didn’t happen in that time the chicks didn’t attach to a mother figure

21
Q

Lorenz’s research

sexual imprinting

A

case study
peacock imprinted on a giant tortoise
in future the peacock would only show courtship towards giant tortoises

22
Q

Harlow’s research

A

4 conditions- cloth and wire mother produce milk
cloth produce milk not wire
wire produce milk not cloth
neither wire or cloth produce milk
the baby monkeys cuddled the cloth mother over the wire one
showed comfort is more important then food

23
Q

Harlow

maternal deprivation

A

monkeys who had been reared by both wire and cloth mothers had long term effect
they didn’t bred as often, were unskilled at mating and rejected their young

24
Q

duration of critical period

A

up to 90 days

25
Q

strengths of Lorenz

A

practical applications

use of control group increases validity

26
Q

weaknesses of Lorenz

A

extrapolation issues

animal ethics

27
Q

strengths of harlow

A

practical application

allows research to be conducted that wouldn’t be allowed to humans (understand behaviour)

28
Q

weaknesses of Harlows research

A

small sample size
extrapolation issues
animal ethics

29
Q

learning theory
miller and dollard
cupboard love

A

children attach to the main caregiver as they provide food

30
Q

learning theory
miller and dollard
classical conditioning

A 
us-food 
ur-pleasure 
ns-caregiver
cs-caregiver
cr-pleasure
31
Q

learning theory
miller and dollard
operant conditioning

A

as they baby cries the caregiver responses this reinforces the crying. the baby then directs crying at receiving comfort from the caregiver e.g. food
the is both positive reinforcement as the babe receives the comfort they want and negative reinforcement as the crying is removed from the caregiver

32
Q

learning theory

sears et al

A

as caregivers provide food, the primary drive of food become generalised therefore attachment is a secondary drive learned by association

33
Q

strengths of learning theory

A

reliable as scientific basis

supportive evidence hay and vespo

34
Q

supportive research of learning theory

hay vespo

A

modelling can be used to explain attachment behaviours
children observe parents affectionate behaviour and imitate it
parents also tell children how to be in relationships and reward good behaviour with hugs and kisses

35
Q

weaknesses of learning theory

A

reductionist

Isabella-quality of attachment

36
Q

bowlbys monotropic theory

A

social releasers
critical period
monotropy

37
Q

bowlbys monotropic theory

social releasers

A

a social behaviour/ characteristic the elicits caregiving and leads to attachment
ensure attachment forms from parents to infant
e.g. smiling/crying/giggling

38
Q

bowlbys monotropic theory

monotropy

A

a child has an innate drive to attach to one caregiver
primary attachment figures: law on continuity
law of accumulated separation

39
Q

bowlbys monotropic theory
monotropy
law of continuity

A

more predictable and constant the better quality of attachment

40
Q

bowlbys monotropic theory
monotropy
law of accumulated seperation

A

effects of every day separation add up

41
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory

critical period

A

the period which attachments must be formed

up to 2 years

42
Q

bowlbys monotropic theory

internal working model

A

children forms a mental representation of their relationship with the primary caregiver, this serves as a model for future attachments
this also effects their ability to be a parent

43
Q

weaknesses of bowlbys monotropic theory

A

rutter-attachments can be made after this period
extrapolation-harlow and Lorenz
Rutter-importance of mothers are exaggerated

44
Q

strengths of bowlbys monotropic theory

A

construct validity

supportive research

45
Q

strengths of bowlbys monotropic theory

Brazelton

A

observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting existence of reciprocity and interactional synchronicity. Obs then led to an experiment; mothers told to ignore social releasers, babies become frustrated, then curled up and laid still. Supports significance of infant behaviour in eliciting caregiving.

Psychology (11 decks)

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