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Bio334Plnts&Ppl > StimulatingBeverages > Flashcards

StimulatingBeverages Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulating beverages contain what?

A

Compounds that stimulate the central nervous system

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2
Q

3 Examples of stimulating beverages

A

Coffee, Tea, Chocolate

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3
Q

What is the active ingredient of coffee, and what kind of compound is it

A

Caffeine, Alkaloid compound

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4
Q

What does caffeine do?

A

Increases cellular metabolism (adrenergic), diuretic

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5
Q

What plant does coffee come from? What part is used?

A

Seeds from the Coffea arabica or rubiaceae tree, coffee family

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6
Q

What part of the world is coffee native to?

A

Highlands of Ethiopia

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7
Q

What kind of a plant does coffee come from?

A

Small evergreen tree/shrub

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8
Q

Where is coffee grown and why

A

tropics, 3000-6000ft elevation for cool stable temperatures

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9
Q

When was coffee made into a drink and by who?

A

Arabs in 13th century

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10
Q

When was coffee introduced to Europe?

A

1615, coffee houses quickly flourished

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11
Q

Who had the original monopoly on coffee and who took it away?

A

Arabs until Dutch took seed to East Indies (Java)

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12
Q

Who brought coffee to americas?

A

Coffee brought to french and dutch colonies via Europe

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13
Q

Who is the current largest and second largest coffee producers today?

A

Brazil since 1730, and 2nd Vietnam

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14
Q

What is the worlds second most traded commodity?

A

Coffee

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15
Q

What are the 3 main species of coffee and what is the species of choice?

A

arabica species of choice, robusta, liberica

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16
Q

How is coffee processed?

A
  • Seed removed from fruit
  • Fermentation (Dry or Wet)
  • Roasted (200-230 for 15 mins)
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17
Q

Which type of roast has more caffiene?

A

Lighter roast, almost ‘green’

- Dark has least

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18
Q

Which coffee fermentation process produces more flavour?

A

Wet

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19
Q

What are 3 decaffeination methods for coffee?

A
  • Extract w/ organic solvent
  • Swiss water diffusion
  • Carbon dioxide diffusion
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20
Q

What does tea come from?

A

Leaves of Camellia saneness, Theaceae, tea family

- Pruned repeatedly

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21
Q

What is the most common beverage next to water?

A

Tea

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22
Q

Where is tea grown?

A

Tropics, slight elevations

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23
Q

Why did colonial tea production become more important?

A

When coffee crop fell to fungal infection in Sri Lanka

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24
Q

What is the legend of the discovery of tea?

A
  • Chinese Emperor Sheng Nung (5000 years ago) had leaves fall into his boiling water
  • Or meditating Buddhist monk in India
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25
Q

When was tea brought to Europe?

A

1610

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26
Q

Who made tea the national beverage

A

Britain

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27
Q

Which beverage came to Europe 1st? Coffee or Tea

A

Tea (1610) before Coffee (1615)

28
Q

What was tea consumption in lb/yr in 1664 vs 1813

A
  • 100 lb/yr in 1664

- 14,500,000 in 1813

29
Q

What is the chemical composition of tea

A
  • Contains caffeine and theophylline and theobromine

- Large # of tannins and phenolic compounds

30
Q

What is the role of phenolic compounds in tea?

A
  • Gives tea colour
31
Q

What is the effect of variations in content of phenoics and essential oils in tea?

A

Make different tastes

32
Q

What determines the flavour of tea?

A
  • variations in phenoics

- method of processing

33
Q

How is black tea processed

A
  • Leaves withered, rolled, and crushed
  • Releases enzymes in leaves that cause fermentation
  • Dried w/ hot air to stop reaction
  • Produces browner and stronger tasting tea
34
Q

How is green tea processed?

A
  • Leaves steamed, rolled and twisted

- Less chemical polymerization

35
Q

What is a method of modifying the flavour of tea externally?

A
  • Additions like jasmine flowers

- Earl Grey has bergamot oil

36
Q

What is the historic role of tea?

A
  • High demand from Britain led to debt w/ China
  • British East India Company brought opium from India to China to induce addiction and reduce their debt
  • Led to Opium wars
37
Q

Describe the Opium Wars

A
  • 1839-1842 when China seized opium import from Britain
  • China lost war to British Royal Navy
  • But China maintained control of tea production and opium problem remained
38
Q

How was Chinese tea monopoly broken, when, and by who?

A
  • Scottish botanist, Robert Fortune infiltrated tea industry in 1848
  • Visited plantation disguised as Chinese Mandarin
  • Learned how to process and smuggled plants to India
  • Broke monopoly
39
Q

What plant does chocolate come from?

A
  • Cocoa bean, seed of Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, cotton family, small tree
40
Q

Where does chocolate come from?

A
  • Small tree native to tropical America, wet warm climate
41
Q

Where does the cocoa bean grow on the tree?

A
  • In a large fruit pod hanging from the trunk and branches of tree
  • Seeds surrounded by pulp inside pod
42
Q

What chemical compounds does cocoa contain?

A
  • Caffeine

- Theobromine

43
Q

Where did chocolate originate

A

Central American beverage approx. 3000 ya

- Mayan and Aztec religious ceremonies

44
Q

How is a drink made with cacao?

A
  • Roasted cacao beans, mixed with child, vanilla, and red colourings
  • Spanish added sugar to drink
45
Q

What did the Spanish add to chocolate beverages?

A

When Spanish monopolized cocoa in 1600’s they added sugar to compete w/ coffee and tea

46
Q

When was chocolate first made into a bar and by who?

A

1847 by English company J.S. Fry

47
Q

How are cacao beans processed?

A
  • Fermented to develop flavour

- Dried/roasted mildly at 100-200 degrees C

48
Q

Are cacao beans nutritious?

A
  • Highly nutritious

- 50% cocoa butter

49
Q

How much cocoa butter is in the beans?

A

50%

50
Q

Which country eats the most chocolate and how much per person per year?

A
  • Switzerland

- 12kg/person/year

51
Q

What is cocoa butter also used for?

A
  • Cosmetics creams
52
Q

Why is cocoa butter removed to different extents?

A
  • To manipulate solubility
53
Q

What are the chemical effects of chocolate?

A
  • Euphoric feelings by acting on cannabinoid receptors

- Antioxidant phenolic compounds

54
Q

What is the Kola nut, where is it from, what is it used for?

A
  • Tree relative to cacao from West Africa, cotton family like chocolate
  • Contains caffeine
  • Flavouring of Coca Cola
55
Q

What are 2 other forms of caffeine beverages?

A
  • Mate

- Guarana

56
Q

Mate

A

Leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, holly family, Ilex guayusa in Peru

57
Q

Guarana

A
  • Paullina cupana, Sapindaceae in Brazil
  • Added to Brazilian soft drinks
  • Found in many energy drinks
58
Q

What is the purpose of caffeine alkaloids in these plants?

A
  • Distasteful to herbivores
  • Toxic to insect larvae
  • Inhibit germination of other plants on the ground
  • ‘marker’ in nectar for repeat pollinator visit
59
Q

What is the Genus for Coffee?

A

Coffia

60
Q

What does roasting do for coffee?

A
  • Changes compounds and flavours become more accessible
  • Sugar browns = browner bean = increased flavour
  • Bean looks oilier with more roasting
61
Q

How is instant coffee made?

A
  • Coffee is vaporized in a large chamber
  • Coffee settles and dries
  • Powder collected
62
Q

What happens to the caffeine is removed during coffee decaffeination?

A
  • Used in other beverages

- Cola, energy drinks, etc.

63
Q

Why did decaffeination start?

A
  • German chemist thought father died from caffeine so developed removal
64
Q

Which country is top producer of tea currently? Followed by what other countries?

A
  • China

- Followed by India and Turkey

65
Q

Which tea has the most caffeine?

A
  • Black, followed by green, then white
66
Q

Is the flavour from tea internal or external?

A
  • External from processing

- Not internal b/c from same plant

67
Q

Which country is the largest producer of chocolate currently? Is there an issue with this?

A
  • West Africa, Ivory Coast, Ghana

- Poor countries where workers probably never get to even try chocolate, concern over worker treatment

Bio334Plnts&Ppl (30 decks)

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