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Bio334Plnts&Ppl > Legumes > Flashcards

Legumes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second most important crop family? How many species?

A
  • Fabaceae

- Huge family w/ over 16,000 species

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2
Q

What is the fruit type of Fabaceae?

A
  • Legume

- Single carpel ovary splits along 2 opposite margins (i.e. pea pod, peanut shell)

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3
Q

Pulse

A
  • Dry legume seeds used for food

- Amongst oldest food crops

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4
Q

What was the UN year of the pulse?

A
  • 2016

- Trying to promote pulses since they are an excellent food source

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5
Q

Why are pulses an excellent food source?

A
  • High protein and oil content
  • Easy to harvest and story
  • Highest protein level in food plants, comparable to meats
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6
Q

Why are pulses important for the soil?

A
  • Root association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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7
Q

Rhizobium

A
  • Bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen to form usable by plants (ammonia)
  • Found in root nodules (including on legumes)
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8
Q

How does nitrogen fixing bacteria work?

A
  • Roots secrete chemicals to stimulate bacteria
  • Bacterial chemicals instigate formation of ‘channel’ to enter root
  • Inside root bacteria induce nodule formation
  • Symbiotic relationship
  • Ammonia formed enters plant metabolic pathways
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9
Q

What is the benefit of having nitrogen-fixing bacteria for the plant?

A
  • Allows plant to make more proteins

- Able to grow in ‘poor’ soils b/c nitrogen is often limiting for plants

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10
Q

Why rotate crops?

A
  • Growing legumes can replenish soil nitrogen consumed by other crops
  • Can regrow other crops after legumes with the enriched soil w/ less fertilizer
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11
Q

What is a main component of agricultural fertilizer? How much of global total primary energy consumption does it account for? What type and how much greenhouse gas results from this type of agriculture?

A
  • Nitrogen is main component
  • Industrial ammonia accounts for 1.5% of total global primary energy consumption
  • Greater than 30% of DiNitrogen Oxide (N2O) results from agriculture
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12
Q

What was an important result on health implications from a study on pulses?

A
  • Studied and controlled diet of elderly people in 5 countries
  • Found eating legumes/pulses had most impact for life longevity out of 7 food groups
  • Fish was second
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13
Q

Important pulses:

A
  • Beans
  • Peas
  • Soy Beans
  • Peanut
  • Lentil
  • Chickpea
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14
Q

Beans

A
  • Grow worldwide
  • Common types mostly Phaseolus vulgaris
  • Includes green beans, kidney, lima, navy, pinto
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15
Q

What is the most consumed legume in the US?

A

Kidney bean

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16
Q

Peas

A
  • Temperate climates

- Green, black-eyed peas, split peas, garbanzo beans, lentils

17
Q

How much of world pea and lentil production does Canada account for?

A
  • 32% of world pea production
  • 38.5% of world lentil production
  • Worlds largest exporter of peas and lentils, among top 5 for bean exports
18
Q

Soy Bean

A
  • Glycine max
  • Contains phytoestrogens
  • Native to NE China
  • Most important legume in world
  • Eaten many ways
  • Prominent in diet of China, Japan, Korea
19
Q

What is the protein, oil, and world oil consumption of soy bean?

A
  • Highest protein content (34%)
  • High oil content (27%)
  • Accounts for 27% of world oil consumption
20
Q

Why can soy bean not be eaten raw?

A
  • Contains trypsin inhibitors
  • Disrupts protein digestion
  • Inactivated by heat, must be cooked
21
Q

What are some food types from soy?

A
  • Soy milk, dairy replacement in western foods
  • Tofu variations
  • Soy lecithin, fatty substance commonly added to processed foods as emulsifier
22
Q

Tofu

A
  • Coagulated soy protein
23
Q

Soy production, who produces, what is it used for?

A
  • Expanded 10-fold since 60’s
  • US, Brazil, Argentina, and China have 85% of world production
  • Approx. 85% of global crop is crushed for oil and meal
  • Approx. 50% grown in US feed livestock (w/ gov’t subsidy)
24
Q

Peanut

A
  • Arachis hypogea
  • Very high fat content, 45%, extracted for oil
  • Staple food is some countries
25
Q

How does the peanut plant grow?

A
  • Flower stalks curve down after fertilization
  • Ovary pushed into the soil
  • Fruit matures underground
26
Q

Lentil

A
  • Lens culinaris
  • 25% protein, easier to digest among pulses
  • High drought tolerance
  • Prevalent in diet in India
27
Q

Chickpea

A
  • Garbanzo, Cicer arietinum
  • Need warmer climate
  • Frequent part of diet in Middle East, Mediterranean, India, Mexico

Bio334Plnts&Ppl (30 decks)

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