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Bio334Plnts&Ppl > GeneticallyModifiedPlants&Food > Flashcards

GeneticallyModifiedPlants&Food Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have genetically modified plants?

A
  • To add or increase desirable traits as traditionally done through selection in breeding
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2
Q

What are some goals for modification?

A
  • Better crops, more nutrition, attractiveness
  • Improve agricultural yeild, resistance to disease, insects, herbicide
  • Drug production
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3
Q

Why are plants easier to genetically modify than animals?

A
  • Plant cells are totipotent, a single cell can differentiate into different cell types
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4
Q

How to make genetically modified plants

A
  • Know the gene to add or remove to obtain desired trait
  • Introduce new gene to plant cell
  • Cultivate plant cell into entire plant in tissue culture
  • Grow in sterile containers (or agar medium) until transfer to soil
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5
Q

Gene

A
  • Unit of DNA that determines a characteristic
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6
Q

Genetic Modification or Engineering

A
  • Transformation

- Introducing the new gene into plant cell

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7
Q

Ways to do plant transformation

A
  • Ballistic gene gun

- Help from Agrobacterium tumafasciens (more common technique)

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8
Q

Ballistic gene gun

A
  • For plant transformation

- DNA constructs coated on to tiny gold beads are blasted into plant tissue at high speed

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9
Q

Agrobacterium tumafasciens

A
  • Used for plant transformation
  • Bacterium that naturally cause crown gall on flowering plants
  • Can incorporate own DNA into plant DNA
  • Molecular technology combines gene to transofrm with agro DNA to introduce to plant
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10
Q

What was the first genetically modified food marketed?

A
  • 1994 Flavr-Savr tomato
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11
Q

Why was soybean oil genetically modified?

A
  • Soy bean oil modified to contain healthy unsaturated fatty acids
  • Pioneer Hybrid: 80% oleic acid vs. 20% traditional
  • Monsanto: Stearidonic acid
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12
Q

How easy are plants to transform?

A
  • Variable

- Relatively few plants have been successfully transformed

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13
Q

What is the most prevalent transgenic feature application? What are common crops that utilize this?

A
  • Herbicide resistance

- Soybean, corn, cotton (US, mostly Monsanto products)

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14
Q

Why do people hate Monsanto as the face of industrial agriculture?

A
  • Their practices have resulted in global control over agricultural practice on some major crops
  • Controversies from disputes with farmers to patent rights over seeds
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15
Q

Who now owns Monsanto? What are some examples of other agri-chem seed companies?

A
  • Monsanto is now Bayer

- Other companies: Dupont, Syngenta

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16
Q

How did Monsanto begin? How did they become an agri-chem company?

A
  • As a chemical company producing insectiides such as dioxin, DDT, and bovine growth hormone for cattle
  • In 1980’s changed to agriculture, buying seed companies and invested in bioengineering research
17
Q

What was Monsanto’s first agri-chem product?

A
  • Herbicide resistant round-up ready soybean
18
Q

How was Monsanto successful with it’s agri-chem business?

A

Seeds and chemicals matched to provide optimum crop performance for the farmer

19
Q

From 11996 to 2010, GM crops are estimated to have reduced use of other herbicides by how much?

A
  • 37%
20
Q

Are GM foods directly harmful? What do GM opponents say about it?

A
  • No instances so far where GM has been shown to be directly harmful
  • Opponents say there have not been enough studies to prove it is safe though?
21
Q

Golden Rice, and what was the aim in developing it and how?

A
  • Rice GM to produce beta-carotene (body converts to Vit A)
  • Turned on genes to make b-carotene already present in rice
  • Aim to reduce Vit A deficiency, especially in young children in developing world
22
Q

What does Vit A deficiency do?

A
  • Causes blindness and compromised immunity (leading to disease and death)
23
Q

Who developed Golden Rice? What was their profit?

A
  • Swiss Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer since 2000
  • No profit for scientists or funding agencies
  • Available free of charge
24
Q

What has slowed implementation of Golden Rice?

A
  • Fear of GMO in government regulations
  • A number of countries ban and restrict growth of GMO
  • All agricultural cultivation GMO need subject to approval
25
Q

Arctic Apples, and where developed

A
  • Non-browning
  • Genes that produce enzymes that cause the browning are ‘silenced’
  • Developed in Okanagan BC
26
Q

What gene modification was used in developing Arctic Apples? Who developed it?

A
  • Latest gene modification tech using CRISPR DNA system

- System ability to edit DNA established by Dr. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier in 2012

27
Q

How was the CRISPR DNA system developed?

A
  • Adapted from bacterial defense system

- Cas9 protein cuts DNA sequence to be manipulated when directed to gene location with guide RNA sequence

28
Q

What are the benefits of the CRISPR DNA system?

A
  • Powerful and fast gene editing tool
  • More precise at locating gene to alter
  • Works on any organism
  • Can work on multiple genes at once
  • Does not import other genes
29
Q

What has been accomplished using CRISPR?

A
  • Arctic, non-browning, apples
  • Correct genes responsible for single-cell anemia
  • Muscular dystrophy, cataracts (mostly experimental on mice)
  • Limited work being done on human embryos
  • Wheat resistant to powdery mildew fungal blight
  • Ripening gene in tomato turned off, to prolong shelf-life
  • Waxy corn (changed starch content)
  • Non-browning mushroom
30
Q

What is CRISPR currently being sued to develop?

A
  • Improve soybean, rice potato to make more nutritious and drought tolerant
  • Remove allergens, like from peanuts
31
Q

What are some overall perspectives on GM?

A
  • GM is a scientific technology
  • Tech and resulting industries will grow
  • GMO’s are goods of corporate industry
  • Environmental effects cannot be predicted
  • Government control is necessary and expected
32
Q

Why is government control of GMO variable?

A
  • Due to political positions and trends in society
33
Q

What type of food are GMO’s are limited to right now?

A
  • Processed foods, but will increase in applications
34
Q

Personal choice of food is what?

A
  • An economic and political action

Bio334Plnts&Ppl (30 decks)

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