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Bio334Plnts&Ppl > PsychoactivePlants > Flashcards

PsychoactivePlants Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of psychoactive compounds and what part of the body do they act on?

A
  • Stimulants
  • Depressants
  • Hallucinogens
  • Act on nervous system
  • Psychedelics act on the brain
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2
Q

Psychedelics

A
  • Act on the brain

- Affect interaction of neural receptors and neurotransmitters at junction between neurons

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3
Q

What kind of compounds are psychoactive’s?

A
  • Usually alkaloids
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4
Q

Opiate alkaloids, where from, how many species?

A
  • opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae, poppy family
  • Temperate zone, native to middle east
  • 100 plus species, all produce latex
  • Opium in seed pod, not seeds
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5
Q

Where were the physiological effects of opium alkaloids known?

A
  • Ancient Egypt, Sumeria, Greece by Dioscorides

- Spread by Arab merchants

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6
Q

Latex and psychoactive plants

A
  • Made from opium poppies

- Latex from seed pod, seeds do not contain opium

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7
Q

How is opium taken by humans?

A
  • Dissolved by alcohol as laudanum or smoked
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8
Q

Opium wars

A
  • Between Britain and China

- 1839 and 1856

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9
Q

How many opium alkaloids are there and what are some of the derivatives?

A
  • Over 20 alkaloids

- Morphine, codeine, heroin

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10
Q

What is the most active analgesic?

A
  • Morphine, derivative of opium
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11
Q

How does morphine and other opiates work in the brain?

A
  • Binds to brain receptors of endorphins (endogenous opioids)
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12
Q

Heroin

A
  • Derivative of morphine, an opiate
  • First made by Bayer Company (the one that makes aspirin)
  • More potent and more addictive
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13
Q

Bioassay

A
  • See which plant at lowest concentration stops a virus
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14
Q

Cocaine alkaloids, plant and where from

A
  • Coca plant, Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylaceae, coca family
  • Native to Andes mountains
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15
Q

How do cocaine alkaloids work, who discovered?

A
  • Leaves chewed by Andean natives for stimulatory effect 3500 years ago
  • Blocks repute of neurotransmitters
  • Strong stimulant and increase sense of well-being
  • Topical anaesthetic
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16
Q

What is a derivative of cocaine that has been used medically?

A
  • Novocaine as a topical anaesthetic
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17
Q

When did cocaine become a popular illicit drug?

A
  • 1970’s

- Trafficked from South America

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18
Q

Mescaline plant, and where from

A
  • Peyote, Lophophora williamsii, Cactaceae, cactus family

- Native to Texas and northern Mexico

19
Q

How does mescaline affect the body?

A
  • Mimics neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine
20
Q

THC

A
  • Tetrahydrocannabinol
21
Q

Marijuana plant and where from

A
  • Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae, hemp family
  • Wide distribution
  • Eastern Asian origin
22
Q

Where are the compounds located on marijuana plants?

A
  • Resin, richest on glandular trichome hairs on unfertilized female flower buds
23
Q

What are the compounds in marijuana?

A
  • Phenolic compounds

- Terpenophenolics

24
Q

How many cannabinoids have been identified?

A
  • Over 200
25
Q

How does marijuana affect the brain?

A
  • Binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain
26
Q

What is the major psychoactive chemical in marijuana?

A
  • THC
  • Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
  • Converted from tetrahydrocannabinolic acid by heat
27
Q

How much THCA is in the plant that is converted to THC by heat?

A
  • 0.5 - 15%
28
Q

What are other types of terpenophenols in marijuana, what do they do?

A
  • BDC, Cannabidiols
  • contribute other medicinal effects like pain-relief
  • Analgesic for chronic pain, reduces blood pressure (glaucoma)
  • Appetite stimulant
29
Q

What is essential to activate THC?

A
  • Heat

- Converts THCA to THC

30
Q

Where and when is the earliest known psychoactive use of marijuana?

A
  • Use by Scythian

- 2500 plus years ago

31
Q

Where is marijuana a sacred herb?

A
  • India

- Smoked in religious context

32
Q

When was marijuana a common herb in medicinal mixtures?

A
  • 1600-1900
33
Q

When was recreational use of marijuana introduced to US?

A
  • After 1910 by Mexican immigrants

- Became popular with counter-culture in 60’s (after criminalization)

34
Q

When did criminalization of possession of marijuana begin?

A
  • 1937

- Efforts increased by US government through 1990’s

35
Q

When did Canada legalize marijuana for medical use?

A
  • 2001
36
Q

Cannabis indica

A
  • Originate in Hindu Kush mountain range
  • More cold tolerant than tropical sativa, grows further north
  • brought to NA in 1970’s
  • Shrubby and short form, easy to grow indoors
37
Q

What is the history of production of marijuana on the Pacific coast region?

A
  • Recreational imported from mexico to california
  • US gov’t sprayed Mexican crops w/ herbicide in 1970’s
  • Instigated illicit growth in California
38
Q

Sinsemilla method

A
  • Enriches resin in marijuana

- Developed after US crackdown on Mexican marijuana instigated growth in California

39
Q

What happens when sativa is crossed with indica?

A
  • Differences in chemical content ratios

- Increased THC level from 2-3% to 5-8% to 15+% in plant

40
Q

What did the US gov’t campaign against drugs instigate?

A
  • Growth of drugs indoors for secrecy

- Encouraged shrubby plants as choice b/c grow well indoors (indica over sativa)

41
Q

What is the current status of Marijuana in Canada?

A
  • Next big cash crop maybe
  • Canada is worlds biggest greenhouse producer
  • Over 100 strains on the market
42
Q

Strains of marijuana, how many and what is important in differentiating?

A
  • Over 100 strains on market
  • Claims different flavours, physical and mental effects
  • Need genetic identification in future to sell product to prove THC content and no pesticides used
43
Q

Which country is the largest greenhouse marijuana producer, what is a major downside?

A
  • Canada

- Stresses the electrical system due to huge requirements

Bio334Plnts&Ppl (30 decks)

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