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Bio334Plnts&Ppl > Poisonous and Medicinal Plants > Flashcards

Poisonous and Medicinal Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological effects, most from secondary metabolites, are from what?

A
  • Chemical compounds that have a biological effect on another organism
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2
Q

In human use, plants with a biological/physiological effect are usually what categories?

A
  • Poisons
  • Medicines
  • Hallucinogens
  • Stimulants
  • Categories do overlap
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3
Q

Why are plants rich in bioactive compounds?

A
  • Production of chemicals have metabolic costs
  • Plants are immobile
  • Plants produce many chemicals for ecological functions
  • Defense
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4
Q

Why do plants contain many toxic chemicals?

A
  • Defense
  • Plants are great chemists
  • Produce groups of similar compounds, some found in many plants
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5
Q

Many bioactive plant compounds are what?

A
  • Alkaloids
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6
Q

Alkaloids

A
  • contain nitrogen in ring structure
  • approx. 6000 known
  • Sporadically distributed in flowering plants
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7
Q

Poison

A
  • Substance that causes structural or functional damage by chemical action
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8
Q

Curare arrow poisons

A
  • South America
  • Chondodendron tomentosum, Menispermaceae
  • Extracted from bark and stem
  • Tubocurarine, alkaloid
  • Muscle relaxant action
  • Applied to use in surgery
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9
Q

Castor Bean

A
  • Ricinus communis, Euphoribiaceae, spurge family
  • Common oriental plant
  • Has ricin
  • Most toxic natural toxin
  • Used as laxative
  • Used to assassinate Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markova
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10
Q

Georgi Markova

A
  • Bulgarian dissident
  • Assassinated in 1978 w/ castor bean oil
  • Poison applied from umbrella tip
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11
Q

What is the most toxic natural toxin?

A
  • Castor bean oil
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12
Q

Ricin

A

Ribosome inactivating protein from ricin seed

  • Stops protein synthesis in intestine
  • In castor bean oil, act as laxative
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13
Q

Death camas

A
  • Zigadenus venenosus, Lilliacea, Lily Family
  • Creamy colour flowers
  • Contain alkaloids
  • Local, grows in same habitat as common camas
  • Deadly to humans and livestock
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14
Q

Common Camas

A
  • Camass quamash
  • Purple blue and major food source of local Natives
  • Grows in same habitat as poison death camas
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15
Q

Poison oak

A
  • Toxicodendron diversilobum, Anacardiaceae, sumac family
  • Leaves w/ distinct sheen
  • Common in California, coming here though
  • Oily compound urushiol causes dermititis
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16
Q

Urushiol

A

Oily compound in poison oak that causes dermatitis, sometimes severe

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17
Q

Rhododendrons toxins

A
  • Rhododendron spp., Ericaceae, Heath family
  • Abundant ornamental plants
  • Grayantoxin found in leaves, flowers, pollen, nectar
  • Affects heart, not often fatal
  • Mad honey
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18
Q

‘Mad Honey’

A
  • Made from toxic rhododendron pollen
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19
Q

Grayantoxin

A
  • Found in leaves, flowers, pollen, nectar of rhododendron plants
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20
Q

Malaria, quest for cure

A
  • 2012 200million people diseased, 600,000 deaths in sub-saharan africa, mostly young children
  • Gates Health foundation spent 2 billion to eradicate by 2040
  • Needs pyrethroid insecticides, nets, medication
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21
Q

Malaria

A
  • Debilitating disease caused by Plasmodium parasite transmitted between people in blood carried by mosquitos
22
Q

History of Malaria Medication

A
  • 1692 Spanish viceroy in Peru treated wife’s malaria w/ Quechua Indian medicine quina quina
  • Tree brought to chincon estate in Spain
  • Shipped cure to Europe by end of 16th century
  • Forests in SA logged for cinchona tree
  • Grown in British gardens in India in 1800’s
  • Dutch cultivated in Java, gained domination of production
23
Q

Historical figure known to have died of Malaria

A

Alexander the Great

24
Q

Clements Markham

A
  • British plant hunter

- Successfully grew cinchona tree, malaria cure, in India

25
Q

Quina Quina

A
  • Bark of Cinchona spp. Rubiaceae, coffee family
  • Active ingredient, quinine, alkaloid
  • Bitter flavour, tonic in gin and tonic
  • Malaria treatment when artemisinin not available
26
Q

WHO in 2006 recommends what as treatment for malaria when what is not available?

A
  • Recommends Quina Quina

- When Artemisinins not available

27
Q

Artemisinins

A
  • Isolated from Artemesia annua, Asteraceae, sunflower family
  • Sesquiterpene lactone, not an alkaloid
  • Sweet wormwood, herb used in Chinese medicine
  • Best action against plasmodium/malaria parasite
28
Q

Who discovered and developed Artimisinins?

A
  • Chinese chemist, Youyou Tu in 1967
29
Q

Youyou Tu

A
  • Discovered Artimisninins
  • Sent to coast to look for malaria cure in 1967
  • Screened 2000 plus chinese medicinal recipes
  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2015
30
Q

Development of Artemisinins

A
  • Youyou Tu found effective Chinese medicine recipe from 17th century
  • Human trials in 1972
31
Q

What percentage of medicinal compounds currently used are derived from plant origin and how many of these contain ingredients still obtained from plants?

A
  • 75% derived from plant origin

- 25% of those still use plant ingredients today

32
Q

What cultures use plants as medicines?

A
  • All cultures
33
Q

What are the basic categories of plants for medicines?

A
  • 352, 000 angiosperms, gymnosperms, non-vascular plants, fungi
34
Q

What are the oldest written evidence in existence of plants as medicine?

A
  • Sumerian clay tablet, 4000 years old, 12 recipes and 250 plus plants
  • Chinese herbal text Pun-tsao, attributed to Sheng Nung, 4500 years ago
  • Ebers papyrus of Egypt, 3500 years old, 700 plus plants
  • Holy Hindu Veda epics in India
  • Bandanius manuscripts, Aztec, recorded in 1592
  • Greek and Roman, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, 1st century
35
Q

How many herbs are still commonly used?

A
  • 250 herbs
36
Q

Role of plants in medicines

A
  • Used as herbal medicines
  • Based on ethnobotanical knowledge
  • More extensive in developing countries
  • Need for new drugs, source of pharmaceutical chemicals
37
Q

Features of the most useful medicinal plants

A
  • Contain unique compounds

- Rich in a particular compound

38
Q

How drugs from plants are discovered?

A
  • Define a target biological activity against an illness/parasite/disease
  • Select plants to test
  • Collect plant samples
  • Bioassay plant extract for activity
  • Isolate active component
  • Further screen with testing chemical analogs
39
Q

Pharmacocnosy

A
  • Selecting plants to test for drugs
  • Search cultural knowledge
  • obeserve animal use (pregnant elephant eating particular leaves)
40
Q

Isolating active component from plant extract

A
  • Separate into fractions by chemical properties
  • Screen fractions for activity with bioassay
  • Identify active compound by instrumental analysis
41
Q

Attributes of good drug chemical?

A
  • highly specific to target

- low toxicity

42
Q

What is the rate of success in finding new drug from natural sources?

A
  • 60% of cancer drugs have natural origins
43
Q

For a specific target, how many samples yield a commercial drug?

A
  • 1 in 250,000
44
Q

For a specific target, how many samples are promising, continue to trials, and are tested to become a drug? Time frame/

A
  • 1:10,000 shows promising activity
  • 1:10 continue to clinical trials
  • 1:10 tested to become drug
  • Time frame 8-15 years
45
Q

Improvement in instrumentation and technical automation in screening has not resulted in dramatic increase in finding drugs, True or False?

A

True

46
Q

Willow Bark

A
  • Salix alba, Salicaceae, willow family
  • Salicin, phenolic glycoside, also occurs in other plants
  • Makes aspirin
47
Q

Aspirin

A
  • From acetylsalicylic acid, willow bark
  • less stomach irritation
  • Reduces pain and inflammation
  • other medicinal applications
  • Plant signal compound
48
Q

Pacific Yew Tree

A
  • Taxus brevifolia, Taxaceae
  • Taxol from bark, complex terpene
  • Used against ovarian, breast and other cancers
  • Acts on dividing cells
49
Q

Snakeroot

A
  • Rauwolfia serpentina, Apocynaceae, dogbane family
  • From India, used by mongoose?
  • Reserpine, and other alkaloids
  • Reduces blood pressure
  • Calming effect
  • Treats schizophrenia
50
Q

St. John’s Wort

A
  • Hypericum perforatum, Guttiferae
  • Hypericin, complex phenolic
  • Photosensitizer and antiviral effect
  • Popular as natural anti-depressant
51
Q

Periwinkle

A
  • Catharanthus roseus, Apocynaceae
  • Alkaloids vinblastin and vincristin
  • Used against childhood leukemia

Bio334Plnts&Ppl (30 decks)

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