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Botany > Stems > Flashcards

Stems Flashcards

1
Q

what are bud scale scars?

A

scales protect the meristematic tissue over the winter and then fall of in the spring leaving behind scars

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2
Q

leaf primordia turns into…

A

leaves

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3
Q

as the cells elongate, what happens to the stem?

A

it grows upwards

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4
Q

the stem elongates until?

A

it reaches the final length and stops

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5
Q

once the stem reaches the final length and stops, what keeps growing?

A

the tip of the apical meristem

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6
Q

the vascular cambium turns into…

A

secondary xylem and phloem

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7
Q

cork cambium turns into…

A

cork and periderm

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8
Q

how does the vascular cambium create the secondary xylem and phloem?

A

by forming a ring of cells and encircling the entire stem

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9
Q

what cells are added to the outside?

A

phloem

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10
Q

what cells are added to the inside?

A

xylem

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11
Q

secondary xylem =

A

wood

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12
Q

what way do cells typically divide in vascular cambium?

A

down the middle

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13
Q

what does the vascular cambium alternate making?

A

xylem and phloem

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14
Q

why are monocots not woody?

A

because they dont have secondary growth

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15
Q

what are the three types of tissue patterns?

A

protostele, siphonostele, and eustele

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16
Q

what is the pattern for protostele?

A

xylem in the middle surrounded by phloem, then cortex, then the epidermis

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17
Q

what is the pattern for siphonostele?

A

multiple regions of xylem surrounded by phloem

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18
Q

what is the pattern for eustele?

A

pholem near the top and xylem near the bottom

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19
Q

what are vascular bundles?

A

patches of xylem and phloem

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20
Q

herbaceous eudicots have very distinct what?

A

vascular bundles

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21
Q

what is the vascular cambium?

A

dividing line between xylem and phloem

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22
Q

what is the bundle cap?

A

fibers that next to phloem to hold it together

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23
Q

why does phloem need bundle caps?

A

because it lacks lignin so it needs support

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24
Q

why doesn’t xylem need bundle caps?

A

because it is able to keep itself together due to lignin

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25
Q

xylem is produced when?

A

in the spring

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26
Q

spring means what size diameter?

A

large

27
Q

fall means what size diameter?

A

small

28
Q

what happens during secondary growth of a woody eudicot?

A

the epidermis is ripped apart

29
Q

what happens to the cells outside of the cortex?

A

they become meristematic and produces cells

30
Q

cells produced outside becomes?

A

cork

31
Q

cells produced inside become?

A

periderm

32
Q

the oldest xylem is towards the…?

A

middle

33
Q

the oldest phloem is towards the…?

A

outside

34
Q

an annual ring is what?

A

secondary growth in a year

35
Q

what is heartwood

A

part at the center that no longer transports xylem

36
Q

what is sapwood?

A

part outside, xylem that is transporting

37
Q

what is softwood?

A

only tracheids

38
Q

what is hardwood?

A

vessels and tracheids

39
Q

what is the bark made up of?

A

periderm, cortex, primary phloem, and secondary phloem

40
Q

what are bundle sheath cells?

A

fibers that surround vascular bundles

41
Q

what doesn’t the monocot tissue have?

A

cortex and pith

42
Q

how are the vascular bundles arranged in a monocot?

A

scattered

43
Q

horizontal stems that grow beneath the ground

A

rhizome

44
Q

what are the leaves like on rhizomes

A

scale like leaves with axillary bud and they are attached at the node

45
Q

what kind of roots do rhizomes have?

A

adventitious

46
Q

horizontal stems above ground

A

runners

47
Q

runners that are below ground and grow in all directions except horizontal

A

stolons

48
Q

where do runners arise from?

A

axillary buds (not the main stem)

49
Q

runners are relatively ____ in diameter and produce ____

A

thin, plantlets

50
Q

what are tubers

A

enlargements of the stolon

51
Q

what is an example of a tunicate bulb

A

onion

52
Q

what is an example of a non tunicate bulb

A

garlic

53
Q

bulbils

A

baby bulbs

54
Q

in tunicate bulbs, the layers are made up of…

A

modified leaves and basal

55
Q

in tunicate bulbs, they will ____ with food

A

swell

56
Q

non tunicate bulbs are made up of ____ bulbs

A

multiple

57
Q

what are corms

A

non fleshy bulbs that are mostly stem

58
Q

what kind of leaves do corms have?

A

few, papery leaves

59
Q

what allows leaf stem to grow in a corm?

A

food stored

60
Q

what are flat stems that look like leaves?

A

cladophyll

61
Q

what are thorns?

A

stems of branches, modified to be woody, pointy, and hard

62
Q

thorns are ____ structures and _____ grow into thorns

A

protective, axillary buds

63
Q

modified stems that grow vertically and are supportive

A

tendrils

Botany (21 decks)

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