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Botany > Roots and soils > Flashcards

Roots and soils Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic root

A

radicle

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2
Q

what is the function of the root cap?

A

to protect the tissue

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3
Q

what is the endodermis?

A

innermost layer of the cortex

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4
Q

what is the function of the endodermis?

A

regulate what minerals come in and doesn’t let them escape

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5
Q

what is the root cap made up of?

A

parenchyma cells

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6
Q

what are the three zones on a root?

A

zone of maturation, zone of elongation, and meristematic zone

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7
Q

what does the procambium become?

A

xylem and phloem

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8
Q

what does a caspian strip do?

A

blocks water from moving toward the cell wall

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9
Q

what is the pericycle?

A

a single layer of cells in between the pith and endodermis

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10
Q

what does the pericycle generate?

A

lateral root and becomes meristematic

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11
Q

what is a passage cell?

A

cell that lets water/ certain minerals through

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12
Q

what is the cortex?

A

tissue composed of parenchyma cells lying between the epidermis and inner tissues

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13
Q

what is the function of the cortex?

A

store food

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14
Q

How to distinguish between monocot and eudicot roots?

A

eudicot roots have xylem arranged in a star formation

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15
Q

is there pith in a eudicot?

A

no

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16
Q

In a eudicot root, what cells fill the cortext (hint stores food)

A

parenchyma cells

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17
Q

what is the function of the vascular cylinder?

A

conduct water or food

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18
Q

what are the specialized food storage roots?

A

tubers

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19
Q

on tubers, what kind of bud develops?

A

adventitious

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20
Q

what do pneumatophores do for the roots beneath?

A

facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

what are pneumatophores?

A

spongey outgrowths from the roots

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22
Q

which direction do pneumatophores grow and why?

A

grow up in order to aerate the roots

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23
Q

instead of photosynthesis, what do pneumatophores do?

A

cellular respiration

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24
Q

what is an example of a plant that would have pneumatophores?

A

mangroves

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25
Q

in an aerial roots, what does the velamen of the epidermis do?

A

slows down water loss because of how thick it is

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26
Q

what is a prop?

A

an adventitious root that keeps the plant upright

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27
Q

what is a contractile specialzed root?

A

the bulb moves lower as the roots grow and pull it down

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28
Q

what is a buttress root?

A

prop root that is woody

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29
Q

what is a dodder?

A

a weedy species that entangles around plants

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30
Q

parasitic plants have what?

A

specialized organs to pierce stems

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31
Q

what are peglike projection from a parasitic host?

A

haustoria

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32
Q

what are peglike projections that parasitize their host?

A

haustoria

33
Q

what are epiphytes?

A

plants that grow on other plants and obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain

34
Q

what is an epiparasite?

A

plant that obtains some or all of its carbon from fungus rather than photosynthesis

35
Q

what is mycorrhizae

A

fungal interactions with root systems

36
Q

what is the function of mycorrhizae?

A

increase ability to absorb phosphorous in the soil

37
Q

ectomycorrhizae is where?

A

stays on the surface

38
Q

endomycorrhizae is where?

A

inside

39
Q

where do root nodules start at

A

the root hairs

40
Q

what happens when a nodule is formed?

A

root hair becomes coiled and bacteria can pierce the cell wall

41
Q

what does the bacteria do to the cortex when forming nodules

A

makes it larger so the nodule can be created

42
Q

what is the solid portion of the soil

A

minerals and organic materials

43
Q

what are pore spaces?

A

spaces between solid particles that contain water and air

44
Q

soil is divided into what?

A

horizons

45
Q

what are horizons?

A

layers in the soil at different stages of development

46
Q

what are horizons?

A

layers in the soil at different stages of development

47
Q

what is horizon A?

A

the top soil

48
Q

what is horizon C?

A

the bottom layer that is broken down to create the other layers

49
Q

what is weathering?

A

breaking soil down into smaller fragments

50
Q

how does climate affect soil?

A

it affects weathering

51
Q

low rainfall leads to

A

little weathering

52
Q

temperature extremes lead to

A

breaking rocks

53
Q

climate also affects what in soil?

A

mineral composition

54
Q

bacteria and fungi are present in the soil to do what?

A

decompose organic matter from leaves and dead animals

55
Q

what is humus?

A

partially decomposed organic matter

56
Q

acidic humus yields…

A

better mineral solubility

57
Q

steep feature leads to

A

erosion

58
Q

flat areas leads to

A

poor drainage

59
Q

what is loam?

A

good balance of all three particles

60
Q

what are the three particles that make up soil?

A

sand, silt and clay

61
Q

how does particle size affect soil characteristics?

A

surface area and packing capacity (porosity)

62
Q

clay particles are

A

negatively charged

63
Q

clay particles do what with cations?

A

exchange, attract and retain them

64
Q

what is the best soil for agriculture?

A

loams; a balanced mix of all three particles

65
Q

why is loam the ideal soil type for ag?

A

it creates the right combination of water – holding capacity against gravity and porosity

66
Q

what are micelles?

A

sheet like, negatively charged held together by chemical bonds (in clay)

67
Q

what is soil structure?

A

arrangement of particles into groups called aggregates

68
Q

what is hygroscopic water?

A

water in the soil that plants can’t use

69
Q

why can’t plants use hygroscopic water?

A

because it is physically bound to the soil particles

70
Q

what is capillary water

A

water held in pores due to gravity

71
Q

where is most of the water used by plants is found?

A

capillary water

72
Q

the amount of water available in soil is determined by…

A

structure, organic matter, density/ type of vegetation, location of underground water tables

73
Q

what is field capacity?

A

water remaining after draining by gravity

74
Q

permanent wilting point?

A

the point at which if a plant does not get water, it will die

75
Q

permanent wilting point?

A

the point at which if a plant does not get water, it will die

76
Q

what does the pH affect?

A

mineral availability

77
Q

what happens when the pH of the soil drops and vise versa?

A

some minerals become more accessible

78
Q

to increase the pH of the soil what do you add?

A

calcium or magnesium

79
Q

to decrease the pH of the soil what do you add?

A

sulfur or sulfur containing compounds

Botany (21 decks)

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