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ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology > Stem Cells II > Flashcards

Stem Cells II Flashcards

1
Q

Where are pluripotent stem cells derived from?

A

Embryos

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2
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Germ cell tumors

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3
Q

What are the three types of embryo-derived pluripotent stem cells?

A

ESCs, EGCs, ECCs

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4
Q

Where were embryonal carcinomas first discovered?

A

Mouse strain 129Sv

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5
Q

PGCs are embryonic (ectoderm/endoderm)

A

Ectoderm

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6
Q

What experiment was done to determine that teratomas arose from early embryos or PGCs?

A

Implant preimplantation embryos or embryonic gonads into testes of adult mice

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7
Q

Defective germ cells were lacking what factor that is encoded by the gene for c-kit ligand?

A

SI

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8
Q

What was the indicator that stem cell population exists in teratoma cells?

A

Disassociated teratoma cells were injected into abdominal cavity of mice
They grew and formed aggregates
They disassociated and regenerated

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9
Q

What experiment was done to show that a single cell can form a teratoma?

A

Teratoma cells were disassociated and a single cell was encapsulated in a glass capillary
Capillary was implanted and formed a tumor in the mouse

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10
Q

What is the concept of clonogenecity?

A

Pluripotency (a single cell is able to generate different cell types from all three embryonic germ layers)

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11
Q

How are teratomas integrated into normal embryogenesis?

A

A teratoma cell is injected into blastocyst and form chimeras

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12
Q

True or false: ECCs can enter the germ line

A

False

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13
Q

Where are ESCs derived from?

A

Inner cell mass of blastocysts

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14
Q

ESCs (can/cannot) be maintained indefinitely in culture

A

Can

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15
Q

Do ESCs integrate in the normal development process when injected into blastocyst?

A

Yes

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16
Q

True or false: ESCs can produce placental cells

A

False

17
Q

ESCs are (pluripotent/totipotent)

A

Pluripotent

18
Q

How are ESCs produced?

A

Blastocyst is cultured in feeder cells, disassociated and seeded onto new feeder cells
Inner cell mass is seeded onto new feeder cells and left to grow into ESCs

19
Q

What are the similarities of ESCs and ICM?

A

Regeneration activity

20
Q

Embryos are generated solely from ESCs through _____________ chimerism

A

Tetraploid

21
Q

True or false: ESCs can enter the germ line

A

True

22
Q

When do ESCs form teratomas?

A

When transplanted into immunocompatible adults

23
Q

Where are embryonic germ cells derived from?

A

PGCs

24
Q

True or false: EGCs can enter the germ line

A

True

25
Q

EGCs are (totipotent/pluripotent)

A

Pluripotent

26
Q

Embryo-derived stem cells are (natural/artificial) stem cells that do not exist in the body

A

Artificial

27
Q

Which embryo-derived stem cells are used for transgenesis?

A

ESCs

28
Q

Place the events of gene targeting for transgenesis in order
a. Injection into blastocysts
b. Homologous recombination in ESCs
c. Transplantation to pseudopregnant females
d. Selection of ESCs modified properly
e. Chimeric offspring

A

b, d, a, c, e

29
Q

What are the three genotypes seen from transgenesis?

A

Wildtype, homozygous and heterozygous

30
Q

What extrinsic cues maintain mouse ESC self-renewal in vitro?

A

Feeder cells that secrete LIF and serum that contains BMP4

31
Q

What is the mechanism of LIF for the maintenance of ESC self-renewal?

A

LIF binds to receptor
STAT3 is phosphorylated by Jak
Dimerized STAT3 translocates into the nucleus and activates gene expression of target genes

32
Q

What is the consequence of withdrawal of LIF and shut-down of STAT3 action?

A

Differentiation to endoderm/mesoderm

33
Q

How does LIF maintain ESC pluripotency?

A

JAK/STAT3 pathway

34
Q

What is the mechanism of BMP4 pathway?

A

BMP4 binds to type II receptor and joins type II to type I receptor
SMADS is phosphorylated and binds to SMAD4
Activates gene transcription of target genes

35
Q

What is the action of removing BMP4 from ESC culture in the absence of LIF?

A

Differentiation to endoderm/mesoderm

36
Q

What is the action of removing BMP4 from ESC culture in the presence of LIF?

A

Differentiation to neural fate

37
Q

What is the results of removing Smad signaling?

A

Induction of neuroectodermal differentiation

38
Q

True or false: LIF and BMP4 can replace feeder and serum to maintain ESCs at undifferentiated state

A

True

ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology (24 decks)

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