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ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology > Making eggs > Flashcards

Making eggs Flashcards

1
Q

The oocyte population ____________ steadily after birth

A

Declines

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2
Q

What are the layers of the oocyte, from center to the exterior?

A

Oocyte, zona pellucida, granulosa cells, theca cells

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3
Q

Where are theca cells located?

A

Outside the basement membrane

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4
Q

The primordial follicle consists of the _____________

A

Oocyte

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5
Q

The primary follicle consists of the oocyte and the ____________ cells

A

Granulosa

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6
Q

The antral follicle consists of the oocyte, the granulosa cells and the ___________

A

Antrum

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7
Q

The pre-ovulatory follicle consists of two groups of granulosa cells. What are they?

A

Mural and cumulus granulosa cells

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8
Q

During which period are LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) the highest?

A

Fertile period

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9
Q

When do primordial follicles enter into growth?

A

Every month

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10
Q

Where do all the oocytes go?

A

Oocytes grow and are ovulated
Oocytes begin but do not complete growth and are not ovulated
Oocytes do not grow and are eventually degraded

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11
Q

What is the shape of the primordial granulosa cell?

A

Squamous

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12
Q

What is the shape of the primary granulosa cell?

A

Cuboidal

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13
Q

Which cells signal to the oocyte to grow?

A

Granulosa cells

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14
Q

What initiates the growth by granulosa cells?

A

Growth factor binds to its receptor (Receptor tyrosine kinase) and leads to signaling pathways that trigger the increase of protein synthesis

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15
Q

How does local relaxation of the ovarian stoma activate primordial follicles?

A

Dense matrix exerts pressure that flattens cells and prevents them from growing
When pressure is released, granulosa cells become cuboidal and send a signal to the oocyte to grow cells

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16
Q

What is the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle?

A

100 microns in diameter

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17
Q

How is mRNA synthesized and stored for the growth of oocytes?

A

mRNA acquires poly-A tail in the nucleus
Message is transcribed and sent out into the cytoplasm for translation
Deadenylation shortens the poly-A tail, the product is not translated and stored

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18
Q

What is the function of CPE in the cytoplasmic deadenylation element?

A

Determines the silence of the sequence

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19
Q

What is the relation between oocyte diameter and mitochondria?

A

The larger the oocyte, the more mitochondria will be made

20
Q

The volume of an oocyte increases ________ fold

A

100

21
Q

What is needed for the growth of the oocyte?

A

Gap junctional communication between oocytes and granulosa cells

22
Q

What can be transported through the gap junctions?

A

Small molecules such as amino acids and glucose

23
Q

The zona pellucida is composed of three or four _______________

A

Glycoproteins

24
Q

Filopodia termed transzonal projections (TZPs) extend from the _____________ cells to the oocyte

A

Granulosa

25
Q

Thecal cells synthesize testosterone from _____________

A

Cholesterol

26
Q

Granulosa cells convert testosterone to _____________

A

Estradiol

27
Q

What is the difference between FSH and LH?

A

They both have different subunits for the beta unit

28
Q

Where are FSH and LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

29
Q

The final stage of follicular growth occurs during the _______________ cycle and requires ______________

A

Ovulatory; FSH

30
Q

FSH is required for the __________ stage of the follicle

A

Antral

31
Q

Most pre-antral follicles die owing to insufficient ___________

A

FSH

32
Q

What inhibits the production of FSH?

A

Estrogen produced by growing follicles

33
Q

Treatments to raise __________ increase the number of ______________ for assisted reproduction

A

FSH; oocytes

34
Q

What triggers the first meiotic division in the final stage of oocyte development?

A

LH

35
Q

What are the differences in meiosis in males and females?

A

Males: Meiosis I and II happens during gametogenesis
Females: Meiosis I happens during maturation and meiosis II happens after fertilization, creating two polar bodies

36
Q

Place these events of meiotic maturation in order:
GVBD, spindle migration, first polar body extrusion, spindle formation, metaphase II arrest

A

GVBD, spindle formation, spindle migration, first polar body extrusion, metaphase II arrest

37
Q

What is the role of LH in the oocyte?

A

LH binds to its receptor on mural granulosa cells and activates signaling pathway
It signals to EGFR ligands which inhibit cGMP to initiate maturation
High cGMP triggers maturation inhibition

38
Q

What is the mechanism behind cGMP keeping cAMP levels high?

A

High cGMP -> PDE3A inhibited, high cAMP, active PKA, CDC25B and CDK1/cyclin B1 complex inactive
Low cGMP -> PDE3A activated, low cAMP, PKA inactive, CDC25B active and CDK1/cyclin B1 active

39
Q

True or false: The fertility of a woman declines with time

A

True

40
Q

What is an example of meiotic error related to age-dependent fertility of women?

A

Trisomy 21

41
Q

What is the role of cohesins in chromosome segregation?

A

Cohesins hold the chromosomes together and need to be broken apart by separase for chromosome segregation

42
Q

What was the experiment to show that cohesins were vital in preventing meiotic disorders?

A

Remove cumulus-oocyte complex from pre-ovulatory follicle -> inject cohesins into oocyte -> permit meiotic maturation in vitro -> fertilize egg

43
Q

Which of these is not a key event of cytoplasmic maturation?
a) Redistribution of mRNA
b) Changes in protein synthesis
c) Redistribution of ER
d) Accumulation of cortical granules at the cortex

A

a)

44
Q

When does transcriptional activity stop in oocytes?

A

When the oocytes have matured

45
Q

When does the repressed mRNA bearing CPE become translationally activated?

A

When cytoplasmic maturation occurs

ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology (24 decks)

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