Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology > Patterning Embryos in 4D > Flashcards

Patterning Embryos in 4D Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three uses of animal models?

A

Understand biological phenomena
Distinguish between genetic and environmental contributions to a disorder
Explore causes and treatments for human diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does a single-celled egg become a complex multi-cellular 3D organism?

A

Generating different cell types
Assigning them different shapes and functions
Patterning the embryo in 3D through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which process is defined as the developmental mechanisms that cause cells that are initially equal to acquire different identities?

A

Patterning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which process is defined as the ability to respond to an inducing signal?

A

Competence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the process where signals from a cell alter the fate of another cell?

A

Induction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pluripotent cells are (uncommitted/committed) and multipotent cells are (uncommitted/committed)

A

Uncommitted; committed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify the structure to its cell potential:
i. Blastula stage
ii. Limb bud
iii. Single cell to 8-cell morula
iv. Arm

A

i. Pluripotent
ii. Multipotent
iii. Totipotent
iv. Unipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of cell follows a specific pathway if left alone, can respond to other signals and whose fate is flexible?

A

Specified cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of cell can no longer change its fate in response to new signals and whose fate is irreversible?

A

Determined cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of cell is mature and specialized, in its final developmental stage and end of lineage?

A

Differentiated cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three types of specification?

A

Autonomous, syncytial, conditional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which specification depends on asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic content and cells developing according to early fate?

A

Autonomous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In autonomous specification, if a blastomere is removed, can it be replaced?

A

No it cannot, each blastomere already contains positional information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does a symmetrical parent cell become polarized?

A

Asymmetric segregation of fate determinants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the production of distinct daughter cells depend on in autonomous specification?

A

Alignment of mitotic spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spindle perpendicular to determination gradient and metaphase plate parallel to determination gradient leads to (identical/unidentical) daughter cells

A

Identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spindle parallel to determination gradient and metaphase plate perpendicular to determination gradient leads to (identical/unidentical) daughter cells

A

Unidentical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which specification is associated with nuclear division without cytokinesis, exposed to gradients of cytoplasmic contents?

A

Syncytial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which specification depends on environmental conditions and external signals that cause the activation of different transcription factors?

A

Conditional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In which specification can cells compensate for missing cells?

A

Conditional

21
Q

What experiment was done to monitor differentiation

A

Single cell RNA sequencing

22
Q

The results of the single cell RNA sequencing experiment showed that gastrulation (epiblast cells) gave way to which cells?

A

Mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

23
Q

Ectoderm differentiation gives rise to which cells?

A

Neural ectoderm

24
Q

In an experiment where red cells from blastula become muscle cells and yellow cells from blastula become neurons, what happens when a red cell and yellow cells are mixed?

A

Either red cell becomes muscle and yellow cells become neurons OR red and yellow cells all become neurons

25
Q

What was the process that enabled the observation of Fgf8 in the optic vesicle?

A

In situ hybridization

26
Q

What are the steps of in situ hybridization?

A

Synthesize probe with Digoxigenin and RNA complementary to target mRNA
Introduce probe into the cell
Wash the cell and add anti-Digoxigenin antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase
Antibody attaches to RNA and causes color reaction that gives purple color

27
Q

What was done to observe the role of the optic vesicle in lens induction?

A

Signaling molecule for Fgf8 expression was moved from the optic vesicle to the lens - Fgf8 expressed in the lens
Removal of optic vesicle - no induction of lens

28
Q

What are the inductive signals of the signaling cell?

A

Ligands

29
Q

What are the inductive signals from the receiving cell?

A

Receptors conduct transduction mechanism (receptor to nucleus), leading to change in gene expression and cell shape

30
Q

What are the types of signaling?

A

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, juxtacrine

31
Q

Retinoic acid pathway is an example of what signaling?

A

Endocrine

32
Q

Notch-Delta signaling is an example of what signaling?

A

Juxtacrine

33
Q

What is the concept of Notch-Delta?

A

Delta acts as a ligand and binds to Notch, which cleaves inside the cell
NICD turns on transcription of genes in the nucleus

34
Q

What is the difference between paracrine and juxtacrine signaling?

A

Juxtacrine requires that the receptors of both cells are connected
Paracrine requires that the ligand from one cell moves to the receptor of another cell

35
Q

Bone morphogenetic proteins, Sonic Hedgehog, Wnt and Fibroblast Growth Factor pathways are all examples of what signaling?

A

Paracrine

36
Q

What is the mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein pathway?

A

Ligand forms complex with Type I and II receptors
Type II receptor phosphorylates type I receptor
Type I receptor phosphorylates R-SMAD
Phosphorylated R-SMAD forms dimer with Co-SMAD
Dimer translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes

37
Q

What is the mechanism of Shh pathway?

A

Shh binds to Ptc receptor
Smo is released from Ptc effect and is activated
Smo activates Gii transcription factors in the nucleus

38
Q

What is the mechanism of Wnt pathway?

A

Wnt binds to receptor and stops degradation of beta-catenin
Beta-catenin translocates to the nucleus and activates gene expression

39
Q

What are the kinds of ligands?

A

Ligands that diffuse directly into the cell
Ligands that bind to cell surface receptors
Morphogens

40
Q

Estrogen, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid are what kind of ligands?

A

Ligands that diffuse into the cell

41
Q

Shh, BMPs and bicoid are what kind of ligands?

A

Morphogens

42
Q

FGFs and Wnt are what kind of ligands?

A

Ligands that bind to cell surface receptors

43
Q

Morphogens are ____________ ligands that cause different responses at different distances/concentrations

A

Secreted

44
Q

What are the three types of morphogens?

A

Signaling molecules, transcription factors, small diffusible molecules

45
Q

Shh, BMP and activin are what type of morphogens?

A

Signaling molecules

46
Q

Bicoid is what type of morphogen?

A

Transcription factor

47
Q

Retinoic acid is what type of morphogen?

A

Small diffusible molecule

48
Q

Which of the following is/are not characteristics of a morphogen?
a. Forms a concentration gradient
b. Activates target genes below concentration threshold
c. Each cell sees a different concentration

A

b

49
Q

Which proteins help morphogens move by disassociating and reassociating with them?

A

HSPGs

ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions