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ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology > Making sperm > Flashcards

Making sperm Flashcards

1
Q

Germ cells become enclosed by the ____________ cells

A

Sertoli

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2
Q

Sertoli cells are found ____________ the seminiferous tubules

A

Inside

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3
Q

Leydig cells are found ______________ the seminiferous tubules

A

Outside

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4
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

How much sperm is produced daily?

A

150-300 million

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6
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation and transport?

A

Epididymis

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7
Q

What is the site of sperm transport?

A

Vas deferens

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8
Q

What is the precursor of the male reproductive tract?

A

Wolffian duct

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9
Q

Match the descriptions to either Sertoli or Leydig cells:
a) Synthesize steroids; testosterone and estrogen
b) Harbor and support developing germ cells

A

a) Leydig cells
b) Sertoli cells

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10
Q

What is the length of the seminiferous tubules?

A

250 m/ testis

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11
Q

What are the similarities between Sertoli and granulosa cells?

A

Derived from the same precursor cells in embryonic gonad
In direct contact with and supporting developing germ cells
Express FSH receptors

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12
Q

What are the similarities between Leydig and theca cells?

A

Derived from interstitial cells of embryonic gonad
Are not in direct contact with germ cells
Express LH receptors
Produce testosterone

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13
Q

Identify the following with either oogenesis or spermatogenesis
a) All germ cells produced before birth
b) Germ cells enter meiosis throughout reproductive life
c) Meiosis I before fertilization; meiosis II after
d) Growth and maturation require 3-4 months in humans

A

a) Oogenesis
b) Spermatogenesis
c) Oogenesis
d) Oogenesis

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14
Q

How many gametes are produced at the end of oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A

Oogenesis: one
Spermatogenesis: four

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15
Q

What is SSC?

A

Spermatogenic stem cell that has the ability to divide
It produces one stem cell and another committed differentiating cell

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16
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take in mouse vs in humans?

A

Mouse: 35 days
Human: 75 days

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17
Q

What triggers meiotic division?

A

Retinoic acid

18
Q

In spermiogenesis, spermatids are ___________

A

Haploid

19
Q

Place the following species in order of most to least sperm output: Humans, monkeys, rodents

A

Monkeys, rodents, humans

20
Q

Where do stem cells reside?

A

A niche

21
Q

Where is the niche located?

A

Near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule

22
Q

What factor does Leydig cells provide to SSC in the niche?

A

CSF1

23
Q

What factors are provided for progenitor spermatogonia?

A

BMP1 and neuregulin 1

24
Q

What factors from the Sertoli cells are provided to the SSC?

A

GDNF and FGF2

25
Q

What is the problem of tight junctions?

A

Spermatocytes need to pass through the gap junctions to get to the lumen and would need to be disassembled

26
Q

What is the first cell to differentiate in testis?

A

Sertoli cell

27
Q

______-chromosome is required to make a Sertoli cell

A

Y

28
Q

Sperm production in adults is proportional to the number of ___________ cells generated during fetal life

A

Sertoli

29
Q

Leydig cells produce _____________ mg of testosterone per day

A

3-10

30
Q

Leydig cells are responsible for __________% of the total testosterone production

A

95

31
Q

What are some features of the acrosome of the mature sperm?

A

Covers anterior half of nucleus, derived from Golgi, outer membrane fuses with PM releasing acrosomal contents

32
Q

What are the two enzymes typical of lysosomes in acrosomes?

A

Acrosin and hyaluronidase

33
Q

What are some features of the tail of sperm?

A

55 micrometers long in humans, microtubules arranged in 9+2 structure typical of axonemes, outer dense fibres, mitochondria

34
Q

What are some features of the nucleus of sperm?

A

Extremely condensed DNA, transcriptionally inactive, histones replaced by protamines (rich in arginine and cysteine)

35
Q

Histones are associated with which stage of spermatogenesis?

A

Mitotic phase, meiosis and post-meiotic phase

36
Q

Transition proteins are associated with which stage of spermatogenesis?

A

Post-meiotic phase and spermiogenesis

37
Q

Protamines are associated with which stage of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermiogenesis

38
Q

Chromosome pairing occurs at ________________

A

Pachytene

39
Q

X and Y chromosomes do not ______________ over most of their length

A

Synapse

40
Q

Why are unpaired X and Y chromosomes transcriptionally silent?

A

The chromatin is unpaired

41
Q

What are the consequences of MSCI?

A

Autosomal genes encoding homologues of X-encoded genes become transcriptionally active in meiotic sperm cells
Failure of MSCI causes cell death
XXY -> synapsis of Y-chr -> expression of Y-encoded genes -> sterility

42
Q

How is MSCI mediated?

A

BRCA1 leads to chromosome inactivation
BRCA1 activates ATR, ATR phosphorylates H2A.X which activates transcriptional silencing

ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology (24 decks)

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