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ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology > Blastula to Gastrula > Flashcards

Blastula to Gastrula Flashcards

1
Q

What event occurs following fertilization?

A

Cleavage

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2
Q

Cells formed from the division of zygotic cytoplasm into numerous smaller cells are called?

A

Blastomeres

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3
Q

Mid blastula transition is characterized by what?

A

Slow-down rate of mitosis and onset of zygotic transcription

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4
Q

What is formed at the end of cleavage?

A

Blastula

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5
Q

Does the morphology of blastula stay the same for every species?

A

No

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6
Q

How many cells does human blastodisc have?

A

70-100 cells

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7
Q

Name the organism these varieties of blastula form in
i. Blastula
ii. Blastodisc
iii. Blastocyst

A

i. Xenopus
ii. Human
iii. Mouse

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8
Q

Formation of blastocyst begins at how many days post-fertilization?

A

5 days

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9
Q

Place the events of syncytial blastoderm formation in early embryogenesis of Drosophila in order
a. Nuclei moves to periphery
b. Mid-blastula transition; zygotic transcription and asynchronous divisions; gastrulation begins
c. Cell membranes form to create the cellular blastoderm (single layer of cells around yolky core)

A

a, c, b

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10
Q

Morula is (totipotent/pluripotent) and blastocyst is (totipotent/pluripotent)

A

Totipotent; pluripotent

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11
Q

What is the series of cell movements and migration involving the entire embryo?

A

Gastrulation

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12
Q

What are the three germ layers of gastrulation?

A

Mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

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13
Q

Cells that will form the endoderm and mesoderm are brought to the (outside/inside) and ectoderm spread over (inside/outside) surface

A

Inside; outside

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14
Q

Identify the gastrulation cell movement
a. Rows of cells move between one another, creating an array of cells that is longer
b. Cells intercalate in a highly directional manner; embryo elongates
c. A sheet of cells (epithelial sheet) bends inwards
d. An epithelial sheet rolls inwards to form an underlying layer
e. Sheet of cells spread by thinning; movement of cells over another layer of cells
f. Individual cells leave epithelial sheet and become freely migrating mesenchyme

A

a. Intercalation
b. Convergent extension
c. Invagination
d. Involution
e. Epiboly
f. Ingression

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15
Q

Apical constriction is a process in which cell movement of gastrulation?

A

Involution

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16
Q

Xenopus cells involute at which site?

A

Dorsal blastopore lip

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition?

A

Junctional complexes break down
Basement membrane breaks down
Ingressing cell takes on phenotype of mesenchyme
Cell leaves the epithelial layer of epiblast (ectoderm) and contributes to mesoderm or endoderm

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18
Q

Which gastrulation movement in chicks contribute to the formation of the primitive streak?

A

Ingression

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19
Q

Epidermis, neural tissue and placodes are formed from which germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

20
Q

Epithelial lining of gut, lung, liver and pancreas are formed from which germ layer?

A

Endoderm

21
Q

Dermis, muscle, bone, kidney and gonads are formed from which germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

22
Q

Cells in the peripheral and enteric nervous systems, craniofacial bones and cartilage are formed from a fourth germ layer. What is it called?

A

Neural crest cells

23
Q

What is a group of cells that are capable of organizing neighboring cells?

A

Organizer

24
Q

An organizer can induce ectopic cell fates in host tissue following ___________ transplantation

A

Heterotopic

25
Q

What is the Mangold Spemann experiment?

A

Grafting the cells from the dorsal blastopore lip and transplanting them to a different side of the embryo

26
Q

What did Mangold and Spemann find in their experiment?

A

Transplantation of dorsal blastopore lip generates a second axis that is patterned
The neighboring cells of the transplanted cells were induced to form another invagination

27
Q

What can transplantation of Hensen’s node induce?

A

A regionally structured (A-P) neural axis

28
Q

On the ventral side of the embryo, which molecule downregulates the level of nodal-related genes to originate the ventral mesoderm?

A

VegT, Vg1

29
Q

On the dorsal side of the embryo, which molecule upregulates the level of nodal-related genes to originate the organizer?

A

Beta-catenin

30
Q

Bmp4 and Bmp7 are molecular signals required for patterning the ___________ centre

A

Ventral

31
Q

Chordin, Noggin, Follistatin and Dickkopf-1 are required for the ____________

A

Organizer

32
Q

Bmp4 and Bmp7 are (agonists/antagonists) and Chordin and Noggin are (agonists/antagonists)

A

Agonists; antagonists

33
Q

Frzb-1, DicKkopf-1 and Crescent inhibit _________, _________ inhibits Xnrs, Xwnt-8 and BMPs and Chordin, Noggin and Follistatin inhibit _________

A

Wnts; Cerberus; BMPs

34
Q

What defines a direction or orientation?

A

An axis

35
Q

What are the three major axes in the early embryo?

A

Anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, left-right

36
Q

What is the axis present in older embryos?

A

Proximal-distal

37
Q

Unfertilized egg is usually radially ___________

A

Symmetrical

38
Q

Initial divisions after fertilization can generate functionally _______________ daughter cells

A

Equivalent

39
Q

How do the cells become different?

A

Asymmetric cell division and asymmetric patterning through inductive signals

40
Q

In mammals, where does the dorsal axis form?

A

Inner cell mass cells in contact with the trophoblast

41
Q

In chick formation, the dorsal axis is the side facing (yolk/albumen) and it is pH dependent

A

Albumen

42
Q

In Drosophila, the dorsal axis is found where?

A

Syncytial blastoderm

43
Q

The dorsal protein in Drosophila is (present/absent) in all nuclei if the embryo becomes dorsalized and (present/absent) in all nuclei if the embryo becomes ventralized

A

Absent; present

44
Q

Which ligand controls the entry of Dorsal protein into the nucleus?

A

Spatzle binding to Toll receptor

45
Q

When does DV axis patterning start in mouse, chick, Drosophila and Xenopus?

A

Mouse: blastula
Chick and Drosophila: blastoderm
Xenopus: Fertilization

ANAT 381 Experimental Embryology (24 decks)

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