Stats

Question 1

[…] is the probability that test results will be positive in patients with disease

Answer 1

Sensitivity

Question 2

What is the equation for sensitivity?

Answer 2

TP/(TP+FN)

Question 3

[…] is the probability test result will be negative in patients without disease

Answer 3

Specificity

Question 4

What is the equation for specificity?

Answer 4

TN/(TN+FP)

Question 5

What is the equation for PPV?

Answer 5

TP / (TP + FP)

Question 6

What is the equation for NPV?

Answer 6

TN / (FN + TN)

Question 7

[…] is the number of newly reported cases of a disease in specific time period per unit measurement of population

Answer 7

incidence

Question 8

Prevalence is determined by performing […] studies

Answer 8

cross-sectional

Question 9

Relative risk is obtained from […] studies

Answer 9

cohort

Question 10

Odds ratio is obtained from […] studies

Answer 10

case-control

Question 11

What is the equation for number needed to treat?

Answer 11

number needed to treat = (1 / absolute risk reduction)

Question 12

What is the equation for absolute risk reduction?

Answer 12

absolute risk reduction (ARR) = 1 / number needed to treat

Question 13

[…] is an estimate of the probability a study will be able to detect a true effect of the intervention

Answer 13

Power

Question 14

What is the equation for power for a study?

Answer 14

power = 1 - (probability of a type-II, or beta error)

Question 15

[…] is the magnitude of the difference in the means of the control and experimental groups in a study with respect to the pooled standard deviation

Answer 15

Effect size

Question 16

A type […] error is accepting a null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected

Answer 16

II

Question 17

A type […] error is rejecting a null hypothesis even though it is true

Answer 17

I

Question 18

A […] is a post-hoc statistical correction made to P values when several dependent or independent statistical tests are being performed simultaneously on a single data set

Answer 18

Bonferroni correction

Question 19

When is a Student’s t-test used?

Answer 19

to compare two means in parametric (normally distributed) data

Question 20

When is a Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon rank sum test used?

Answer 20

to compare two means in non-parametric data

Question 21

When comparing portions, a […] test is used when sample sizes are small or number of occurrences in a group is low.

Answer 21

Fisher exact

Question 22

A Prospective cohort study is an example of Level […] evidence.

Answer 22

II

Question 23

A retrospective case control study is an example of level […] evidence.

Answer 23

III

Question 24

The […] of a study is an estimate of the probability of finding a significant association in a research study when one truly exists.

Answer 24

power

Question 25

The power is defined by 1 - probability of type-[...] error

Answer 25

II (beta)

Question 26

A therapeutic study presents a systematic review of 15 high-quality randomized controlled trials with homogeneous results. What level of evidence is this considered?

Answer 26

Level I

Question 27

[...] is used to evaluate means of parametric data between three or more groups when the data is normally distributed.

Answer 27

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 28

What is the MOA of acetaminophen?

Answer 28

inhibits prostaglandin E2 production through its effect on interleukin-1 beta

Question 29

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is an example of a type-[...] error.

Answer 29

I

Question 30

A [...] is the most commonly used statistical test for detection of publication bias in meta-analyses.

Answer 30

funnel plot

Question 31

The [...] effect refers to change in patient behavior when they know they are part of a study.

Answer 31

Hawthorne