Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
In anterior cervical spine surgery, the sympathetic chain is most at risk with retraction of what muscle?
A
Injury to the sympathetic trunk most often occurs with over-retraction or transsection of the longus colli muscle. It is vulnerable at more caudal levels
2
Q
C5 mucle(s)
A
deltoid, biceps
3
Q
C5 sensory dermatome
A
superior shoulder and lateral upper arm
4
Q
C5 reflex
A
biceps
5
Q
C6 muscle(s)
A
brachioradialis and wrist extensors
6
Q
C6 sensory dermatome
A
thumb and radial arm
7
Q
C6 reflex
A
brachioradialis
8
Q
C7 sensory dermatome
A
long finger
9
Q
C7 muscle(s)
A
wrist flexors; triceps
10
Q
C7 reflex
A
triceps
11
Q
C8 dermatome sensory
A
paresthesias in ring and small
12
Q
C8 muscle(s)
A
finger flexion/distal phalanx flexion (fine motor movement involving hand)
13
Q
T1 sensory dermatome
A
axillary numbness
14
Q
T1 muscle(s)
A
interossei
15
Q
In the posterior approach to the humerus with the German modification, which nerve is first identified to assist the surgeon in identifying the radial nerve?
A
inferior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve
16
Q
What thenar muscle is solely innervated by the median nerve distal to the carpal tunnel?
A
Abductor pollicis brevis (through the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve)
17
Q
What is the innervation of abductor pollicis brevis?
A
recurrent motor branch of the medial nerve (distal to carpal tunnel
18
Q
What are the two most common locations for sciatic nerve entrapment?
A
ischial tuberosity and piriformis
19
Q
Which nerve can be trapped at Hunter’s canal?
A
Saphenous
20
Q
Saphenous neuritis can be caused by compression at which site?
A
Hunter’s (adductor) canal
21
Q
The lateral plantar nerve (Baxter’s Nerve) can be entrapped between which two muscles?
A
abductor hallucis longus and medial side of quadratus plantae
22
Q
Abductor digiti quinti is innervated by what nerve?
A
The lateral plantar nerve (Baxter’s nerve)
23
Q
What is the most common cause of medial plantar nerve compression?
A
Foot orthotics
24
Q
Where is the site of compression in the medial plantar nerve entrapment?
A
Knot of Henry / crossing of FDL and FHL
25
What muscles make up the flexor-pronator muscle wad?
- FCU
- FCR
- FDS
- Palmaris longus
- Pronator teres
26
What is the blood supply of the medial epicondyle of the distal humerus?
anterior: inferior ulnar collateral artery
posterior: superior and inferior ulnar collateral artery
27
What is the main blood supply to the femoral head?
deep branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery
28
What is the innervation & nerve root of teres minor?
Axillary n; C5, C6
29
The rotator cuff muscles are innervated by which nerve root?
C5 (C6)
30
Claw hand is associated with which brachial plexus injury?
Lower (Klumpke's) - C8, T1
31
The ulnar nerve is a branch off the [...] cord of the brachial plexus
lateral
32
A medial femoral condyle (MFC) vascularized bone grafts supplied by the [...] artery
longitudinal descending geniculate
33
The medial femoral trochlea vascularized bone graft is supplied by the [...] artery
transverse branch of the descending geniculate
34
The first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) arises from the [...] artery
radial
35
Chronic nerve compression leads to [...] cell proliferation and apoptosis
Schwann
36
During the regeneration process following a nerve transection, the [...] segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration
distal
37
In functional recovery during nerve regeneration, [...] activity is first to recover
sympathetic
38
In functional recovery during nerve regeneration, [...] function is the first to be lost and the last to recover
motor
39
[...] nerve injury can be seen in an anterior shoulder dislocation
Axillary
40
Prominent pins through anterior ulnar cortex in tension band construct for olecranon fixation can cause an [...] nerve palsy
AIN
41
Percutaneous plating of tibial fractures (holes 11-13) can cause a [...] nerve palsy
superficial peroneal
42
The [...] functions to cushion fascicles against external pressure
epineurium
43
The [...] provides a connective tissue sheath around each nerve fascicle
perineurium
44
The [...] provides extension of the blood-brain barrier in peripheral nerves
perineurium
45
The [...] is a connective tissue covering individual fascicles
perineurium
46
The [...] is the primary source of tensile strength and elasticity of a peripheral nerve
perineurium
47
The [...] is a loose fibrous tissue covering axons
endoneurium
48
The [...] participates in the formation of Schwann cell tube
endoneurium
49
Myelin is made by [...] cells
Schwann
50
[...] insulates axons to increase conduction velocity
Myelin
51
The [...] must be intact for full recovery of an injured peripheral nerve
endoneurium
52
Free fibula bone flap is based on [...] artery pedicle
peroneal
53
Free iliac crest bone flap is based on [...] vessels
deep circumflex iliac
54
In a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, blood supply provided by perforators off of the [...] artery
thoracodorsal
55
In a medial gastrocnemius flap, the pedicle is supplied by the [...] artery
medial sural
56
A lateral gastrocnemius flap is supplied by the [...] artery
lateral sural
57
A lateral arm flap is supplied by the [...] artery
posterior radial collateral (branch of profunda brachii)
58
The gracilis is supplied by the [...] nerve
anterior division of the obturator
59
A gracilis flap is supplied by the [...] artery
branch of medial femoral circumflex
60
A groin flap is supplied by the [...] artery
superficial circumflex iliac
61
A vascularized bone graft from the radius is supplied by the [...] artery
1-2 intercompartmental superretinacular (branch of radial artery)
62
Which cord(s) of the brachial plexus make up the median nerve?
Lateral and medial
63
The median nerve travels between which muscles in the arm?
biceps brachii and brachialis
64
The median nerve enters antecubital fossa [...] to the biceps tendon
medial
65
What is the innervation of pronator teres?
Median nerve
66
AIN travels between [...] and [...] proximally
FDS; FDP
67
Distally, AIN travels between [...] and [...]
FPL and FDP
68
What is the innervation of pronator quadratus?
AIN
69
What is the sensory innervation to the radoiocarpal joint?
AIN
70
What is the sensory innervation to the DRUJ?
AIN
71
The palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve arises [...] cm from the wrist crease
5
72
The [...] nerve supplies sensation over the thenar eminence
palmar cutaneous branch of median
73
The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve lies between [...] and [...] at level of the wrist flexion crease
PL and FCR
74
What is the innervation of abductor pollicis brevis?
recurrent motor branch of median nerve
75
What is the innervation of opponens pollicis?
recurrent motor branch of median nerve
76
What is the innervation to superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis?
recurrent motor branch of median nerve
77
The recurrent motor branch of the median nerve is transligamentous in [...] percent
20%
78
[...] anastomosis connects the deep branch of the ulnar nerve to the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve, may have preserved thenar strength and severe CTS
Riche-Cannieu
79
The [...] is the most sensitive physical exam test to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome
Durkan (carpal tunnel compression) test
80
A score greater than [...] on the CTS-6 is indicative of 80% probability of CTS.
12
81
The ulnar nerve arises from the [...] cord(s) of the brachial plexus
medial
82
The ulnar nerve lies [...] to brachial artery in anterior compartment of upper arm
posteromedial
83
The ulnar nerve pierces IM septum at arcade of Struthers [...] cm proximal to the medial epicondyle
8
84
The ulnar nerve is comprised on the [...] nerve roots
C8, T1
85
The ulnar nerve runs between [...] in the forearm.
FCU and FDP
86
The roof of the cubital tunnel is formed by [...]
FCU fascia and Osborne's ligament
87
The floor of the cubital tunnel is formed by the [...] bands of the MCL and elbow capsule
posterior oblique and transverse bands
88
What is the innervation of deep head flexor pollicis brevis.
ulnar nerve
89
Fromet's sign: compensates for the loss of metacarpal adduction from the [...] muscle with compensatory thumb IP flexion by FPL in key pinch
adductor pollicis
90
What is the innervation of adductor pollicis?
ulnar nerve
91
What is the insertion of ECU?
base of the 5th metacarpal
92
What is the innervation of abductor pollicis longus?
PIN
93
What is the insertion of abductor pollicis longus?
radial side of 1st metacarpal shaft
94
What is the insertion of abductor pollicis brevis?
radial side of 1st proximal phalanx base
95
What vascularized bone graft is used for scaphoid waist nonunions?
Medial femoral condyle
96
What vascularized bone graft can be used for proximal pole scaphoid defects?
Medial femoral trochlea
97
Tibialis posterior is innervated by what nerve root?
L5
98
Neurovascular bundles are preserved during treatment due to the fact that Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum has limited effect on which type of collagen?
Type IV
99
What type of collagen in found in articular cartilage?
Type II
100
Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum is most effective against which types of collagen?
Type I and Type III
101
What is the innervation of the tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal nerve
102
In the superficial dissection of a Smith Peterson approach, you incise fascia on medial side of [...]
tensor fascia latae
103
In the superficial dissection of a Smith-Peterson approach, you ligate the [...] artery (crosses gap between sartorius and tensor fascia latae).
ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex
104
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve originates from the dorsal nerve roots of [...]
L2 - L3
105
The ulnar nerve originates from the [...] cord of the brachial plexus and runs between the [...] in the forearm.
medial; FDP and FCU
106
The ulnar nerve runs between [...] and [...] muscles in the forearm.
FDP and FCU
107
The ulnar nerve originates from the [...] cord of the brachial plexus.
Medial
108
What is the innervation of the TFL?
S. gluteal nerve
109
ASIS avulsion fractures with greater than [...] cm of displacement is an indication for ORIF
3
110
To gain exposure to the proximal radius in a classic volar Henry approach, the radial artery is retracted [...] and the supinator muscle should be elevated and retracted [...] with the forearm in [...].
medially; laterally; supination
111
In forearm pronation, the PIN is more [...]
volar
112
113
What is the primary blood supply to the humeral head?
Posterior humeral circumflex artery
114
The superficial MCL originates [...] and [...] to the medial epicondyle of the femur
posterior and proximal
115
What is the primary stabilizer to valgus stress of the knee at all angles?
Superficial MCL
116
The spiral cord in Dupuytren's displaces the neurovascular bundle [...]
centrally and superficially
117
In the ilioinguinal approach, the [...] is lateral and contains iliopsoas, femoral nerve, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
lacuna musculorum
118
The [...] seperates the lacuna vasorum and lacuna musculorum
iliopectineal fascia
119
In the ilioinguinal approach, the lateral window extends from the [...] to the lateral aspect of the [...].
sacroiliac joint; iliopsoas muscle
120
In the ilioinguinal approach, the lateral window provides access to which three bony regions?
sacroiliac joint, the internal iliac fossa, and the proximal pelvic brim.
121
In the ilioinguinal approach, the middle window is defined laterally by the medial aspect of the [...] and medially by the [...].
iliopsoas muscle and the femoral nerve; external iliac artery
122
The corona mortis is usually found approximately [...] lateral to the pubic symphysis.
5 cm
123
The corona mortis connects the [...] to the [...] vascular system
external iliac; obturator
124
What are the contents of the inguinal canal?
spermatic cord in males or the round ligament in females and the ilioinguinal nerve
125
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is usually located [...] to the ASIS.
1 to 2 cm medial
126
The iliopectineal fascia lies between the [...] and the [...].
femoral nerve; external iliac artery
127
Access to the true pelvis via the ilioinguinal exposure is only possible after incision of the [...]
iliopectineal fascia
128
The quadrilateral plate is accessed through the [...] window of the ilioinguinal appraoch.
Middle
129
Which nerve roots primarily supply the LFCN?
L2-3
130
The ilioinguinal nerve does not pass through the [...] inguinal ring, and therefore it only travels through part of the inguinal canal.
deep
131
The [...] nerve pierces the obliquus internus and then accompanies the spermatic cord or round ligament through the superficial inguinal ring
ilioinguinal
132
What is the origin of psoas major?
TPs of L1-L5
133
The [...] window of the ilioinguinal approach is where the corona mortis is identified.
medial
134
What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
135
What is the origin of the platysma?
Pec fascia
136
The trapezoid CC ligament inserts [...] cm medial to distal clavicle
3
137
The conoid CC ligament inserts [...] cm medial to distal clavicle
4.5
138
What vascular structure is closest to the clavicle?
subclavian vein
139
Is the subclavian vein anterior or posterior to the subclavian artery?
anterior
140
Clavicle shortening greater than [...] associated with decrease shoulder strength and endurance
2 cm
141
Operative fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures have [...] union rates, [...] time to union, and [...] functional outcomes than nonoperative.
higher (94%); faster (16 wks vs 28 wks); better/improved
142
What is the nonunion rate for midshaft clavicle fractures treated non-operatively?
15%
143
What is the malunion rate for midshaft clavicles treated non-operatively?
20%
144
Shortening greater than [...] is a risk factor for malunion of midshaft clavicle fractures.
3 cm
145
Angulation greater than [...] degrees is a risk factor for malunion of midshaft clavicle fractures.
30 deg
146
The upper and lower subscapular nerves derived from the [...] cord of the brachial plexus.
posterior
147
What is the origin of the long head of the triceps?
infraglenoid tubercle
148
What are the borders of the triangular interval?
Sup: Teres major
Med: Long head triceps
Lat: Lateral head triceps
149
What are the contents of the triangular interval?
radial nerve; profunda brachii artery
150
What are the contents of the quadrangular space?
axillary nerve, posterior humeral circumflex artery
151
What are the borders of the quadrangular space?
S: Teres minor
I: Teres major
Med: Long head of triceps
Lat: Humeral shaft
152
What are the contents of the triangular SPACE?
scapular circumflex artery
153
The radial nerve enters the posterior compartment of the arm through the triangular [...]
interval
154
The radial nerve runs between the [...] and [...] head of the triceps
medial; long
155
The radial nerve is found [...] proximal to the deep head of the triceps
2 cm
156
The radial nerve exits the posterior compartment through the lateral intramuscular septum [...] cm proximal to radiocapitellar joint
10
157
The radial nerve is [...] cm proximal to the medial epicondyle
20
158
The radial nerve is [...] cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle
14
159
The ulnar nerve enters the posterior compartment
at the [...] and runs medially towards cubital tunnel
arcade of Struthers
160
The ulnar nerve is ~ [...] cm from the medial epicondyle
8
161
What is the innervation of the ECU?
PIN
162
What is the innervation of anconeus?
Radial nerve (branch to the anconeus)
