States of Consciouness

Question 1

dreams are just the brain’s efforts to make sense out of meaningless patterns of firing in the brain as we sleep because certain circuits in the brain become activated during REM sleep

Answer 1

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 2

occur when people feel relaxed and when the brain is in an idle state without concentrating on anything

Answer 2

Alpha waves

Question 3

associated with alert wakefulness and intense mental activity, during most conscious, waking states

Answer 3

Beta waves

Question 4

The natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes that the body goes through in a 24-hour cycle, preparing your body for expected changes in the environment and, for example, the time for activity, time for sleep, and time to eat

Answer 4

Circadian rhythms

Question 5

slowest recorded brain waves in human beings, associated with the deepest levels of relaxation and restorative, healing sleep

Answer 5

Delta waves

Question 6

substances that reduce arousal and stimulation, affect the central nervous system, slow down the messages between the brain and body, affect concentration and coordination and slow down a person’s ability to respond to unexpected situations

Answer 6

Depressants

Question 7

a disconnection between a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of who he or she is

Answer 7

Dissociation

Question 8

caused by normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals

Answer 8

Free Radicals

Question 9

theory based on the idea that humans actively process the information they receive from their senses like a computer does, stating that learning is what happens when our brains receive information, record it, mold it and store it

Answer 9

Information-processing theory

Question 10

difficulty in initiating or maintaining a restorative sleep, which results in fatigue, the severity or persistence of which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning

Answer 10

Insomnia

Question 11

maladjustment of circadian rhythms that results from traveling through several time zones in a short span of time resulting in processes such as rest, work, eating, body temperature, and adrenocortical-secretion cycles may require several days to adjust to local time

Answer 11

Jet lag

Question 12

the hidden or disguised meanings, wishes, and ideas beneath the manifest content of any utterance or other form of communication/the unconscious wishes seeking expression in dreams or fantasies

Answer 12

Latent content

Question 13

the experience of achieving conscious awareness of dreaming while still asleep, generally thought to arise from non-lucid dreams in REM sleep

Answer 13

Lucid dreaming

Question 14

the actual images, thoughts, and content contained within the dream, that are remembered upon awakening

Answer 14

Manifest content

Question 15

a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception, is chemically similar to stimulants and hallucinogens, and is commonly called Ecstasy or Molly (increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity)

Answer 15

MDMA

Question 16

nonrapid-eye-movement sleep contains four sleep stages in which there is an absence of rapid eye movement (REM) and dreams are relatively uncommon (or usually cannot be recalled upon awakening), where there is an increasing appearance of delta waves, in stages 3 and 4

Answer 16

NREM sleep

Question 17

a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles, where you fall asleep without warning, anywhere, anytime

Answer 17

Narcolepsy

Question 18

a profound psychic experience, commonly occurring in life-threatening conditions that include feeling a sense of peace, seeing a bright light, encountering deceased relatives or religious figures, or transcending space and time

Answer 18

Near-death experience

Question 19

REM Sleep. A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur and the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Answer 19

Paradoxical sleep

Question 20

the state of an individual who has repeatedly taken a drug and experiences unpleasant physiological symptoms (substance withdrawal) if he or she stops taking it

Answer 20

Physical dependence

Question 21

a suggestion made to a person during hypnosis that he or she acts out after the hypnotic trance

Answer 21

Posthypnotic suggestion

Question 22

A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior

Answer 22

Psychoactive drug

Question 23

when a person is emotionally tied to a drug based on a mental desire for it

Answer 23

psychological addiction

Question 24

refers to the increased frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors

Answer 24

REM rebound

Question 25

The act of getting up and walking around while asleep is most common in children

Answer 25

Somnambulism

Question 26

potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts, risk factors include age and obesity, It’s more common in men, symptoms include snoring loudly and feeling tired even after a full night’s sleep

Answer 26

Sleep apnea

Question 27

sleep problem that can exacerbate pre-existing mood disturbances, such as anger, depression, and anxiety, and can lead to confusion, fatigue, and lack of vigor

Answer 27

Sleep deprivation

Question 28

perceiving a stimulus without being aware of it

Answer 28

Subliminal processing

Question 29

a bilateral structure located in the anterior part of the hypothalamus that acts as the central pacemaker of the circadian timing system and regulates most circadian rhythms in the body

Answer 29

superchiasmatic nucleus

Question 30

an effect seen when two or more substances combine to create an effect that is greater than either one of them could have manifested by itself

Answer 30

synergistic effect

Question 31

the main ingredient in marijuana and causes impaired thinking and interferes with a person’s ability to learn and perform complicated tasks

Answer 31

THC

Question 32

strong during internal focus, meditation, prayer, and spiritual awareness, reflecting the state between wakefulness and sleep and relating to the subconscious mind

Answer 32

Theta waves

Question 33

knew that dreams played a role in regulating a person’s emotions and sense of self, meaning when sleep was disrupted, dreams could not do their work, stitching the messy narratives of life into an emotionally coherent tapestry

Answer 33

Rosalind Cartwright

Question 34

discovered REM rebound

Answer 34

William Dement

Question 35

proposes that dreams are a byproduct of the dreamer’s physical and mental state during sleep, distinguishes between manifest and latent dreams, and points out that the dream work is actually a result of information processing and self-organization in the sleeping brain

Answer 35

Sigmund Freud

Question 36

reaming is simply one form of mental functioning, occurring along a continuum from focused waking thought to reverie, daydreaming, and fantasy, dreams can help people deal with traumatic emotional experiences by incorporating these experiences into dreams and giving them new connections

Answer 36

Ernest Hilgard

Question 37

proposed that a theory states that dreaming occurs because the brain is trying to process the neural activity that goes on in our heads.

Answer 37

J Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley

Question 38

respected the phenomenal nature of the dream as a form of existence in itself and the world of dreams is our real world whilst we are sleeping because our attention then lapses from the sensible world

Answer 38

William James