States of Consciouness Flashcards
dreams are just the brain’s efforts to make sense out of meaningless patterns of firing in the brain as we sleep because certain circuits in the brain become activated during REM sleep
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
occur when people feel relaxed and when the brain is in an idle state without concentrating on anything
Alpha waves
associated with alert wakefulness and intense mental activity, during most conscious, waking states
Beta waves
The natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes that the body goes through in a 24-hour cycle, preparing your body for expected changes in the environment and, for example, the time for activity, time for sleep, and time to eat
Circadian rhythms
slowest recorded brain waves in human beings, associated with the deepest levels of relaxation and restorative, healing sleep
Delta waves
substances that reduce arousal and stimulation, affect the central nervous system, slow down the messages between the brain and body, affect concentration and coordination and slow down a person’s ability to respond to unexpected situations
Depressants
a disconnection between a person’s thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of who he or she is
Dissociation
caused by normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals
Free Radicals
theory based on the idea that humans actively process the information they receive from their senses like a computer does, stating that learning is what happens when our brains receive information, record it, mold it and store it
Information-processing theory
difficulty in initiating or maintaining a restorative sleep, which results in fatigue, the severity or persistence of which causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning
Insomnia
maladjustment of circadian rhythms that results from traveling through several time zones in a short span of time resulting in processes such as rest, work, eating, body temperature, and adrenocortical-secretion cycles may require several days to adjust to local time
Jet lag
the hidden or disguised meanings, wishes, and ideas beneath the manifest content of any utterance or other form of communication/the unconscious wishes seeking expression in dreams or fantasies
Latent content
the experience of achieving conscious awareness of dreaming while still asleep, generally thought to arise from non-lucid dreams in REM sleep
Lucid dreaming
the actual images, thoughts, and content contained within the dream, that are remembered upon awakening
Manifest content
a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception, is chemically similar to stimulants and hallucinogens, and is commonly called Ecstasy or Molly (increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity)
MDMA
nonrapid-eye-movement sleep contains four sleep stages in which there is an absence of rapid eye movement (REM) and dreams are relatively uncommon (or usually cannot be recalled upon awakening), where there is an increasing appearance of delta waves, in stages 3 and 4
NREM sleep
a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles, where you fall asleep without warning, anywhere, anytime
Narcolepsy
a profound psychic experience, commonly occurring in life-threatening conditions that include feeling a sense of peace, seeing a bright light, encountering deceased relatives or religious figures, or transcending space and time
Near-death experience
REM Sleep. A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur and the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
Paradoxical sleep
the state of an individual who has repeatedly taken a drug and experiences unpleasant physiological symptoms (substance withdrawal) if he or she stops taking it
Physical dependence
a suggestion made to a person during hypnosis that he or she acts out after the hypnotic trance
Posthypnotic suggestion
A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
Psychoactive drug
when a person is emotionally tied to a drug based on a mental desire for it
psychological addiction
refers to the increased frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors
REM rebound
The act of getting up and walking around while asleep is most common in children
Somnambulism
potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts, risk factors include age and obesity, It’s more common in men, symptoms include snoring loudly and feeling tired even after a full night’s sleep
Sleep apnea
sleep problem that can exacerbate pre-existing mood disturbances, such as anger, depression, and anxiety, and can lead to confusion, fatigue, and lack of vigor
Sleep deprivation
perceiving a stimulus without being aware of it
Subliminal processing
a bilateral structure located in the anterior part of the hypothalamus that acts as the central pacemaker of the circadian timing system and regulates most circadian rhythms in the body
superchiasmatic nucleus
an effect seen when two or more substances combine to create an effect that is greater than either one of them could have manifested by itself
synergistic effect
the main ingredient in marijuana and causes impaired thinking and interferes with a person’s ability to learn and perform complicated tasks
THC
strong during internal focus, meditation, prayer, and spiritual awareness, reflecting the state between wakefulness and sleep and relating to the subconscious mind
Theta waves
knew that dreams played a role in regulating a person’s emotions and sense of self, meaning when sleep was disrupted, dreams could not do their work, stitching the messy narratives of life into an emotionally coherent tapestry
Rosalind Cartwright
discovered REM rebound
William Dement
proposes that dreams are a byproduct of the dreamer’s physical and mental state during sleep, distinguishes between manifest and latent dreams, and points out that the dream work is actually a result of information processing and self-organization in the sleeping brain
Sigmund Freud
reaming is simply one form of mental functioning, occurring along a continuum from focused waking thought to reverie, daydreaming, and fantasy, dreams can help people deal with traumatic emotional experiences by incorporating these experiences into dreams and giving them new connections
Ernest Hilgard
proposed that a theory states that dreaming occurs because the brain is trying to process the neural activity that goes on in our heads.
J Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley
respected the phenomenal nature of the dream as a form of existence in itself and the world of dreams is our real world whilst we are sleeping because our attention then lapses from the sensible world
William James
