Learning Flashcards
supported the contiguity model(the more you pair two items together the more likelihood of learning) and believed that humans and animals behavior is learned through a process of stimulus and response
John B. Watson
discovered that human cognitive biases result from peoples’ use of fast but fallible cognitive strategies (changed the way people thought about decision-making)
Amos Tversky
created the Law of Effect(probability will be increased if the learner completes the tasks and is presented with a desirable reward) through his use of cats, founded reinforcers (a condition that occurs after a response to strengthen the response)
Edward Thorndike
used the operant chamber(skinner box- programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishments continguent on an animals behavior) on rats and pigeons
B.F. Skinner
conflict with Pavlov’s theory / CS short pause, then US is most effective( Contingency model: does the learner see the connection between the neutral and unconditioned stimulus)
Robert Rescorla
creator of classical conditioning who studied the digestive system of dogs to see what makes them drool (neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus will create a conditioned response which is the same as the unconditioned response) and supporter of the contiguity model- the more you pair two items together the more likelihood of learning)
Ivan Pavlov
Insight learning- problem-solving by a sudden reorganization of perceptions(ah-ha moment) believed that thinking had to play a critical role in learning and that it doesn’t always revolve around reward/ Sultan Experiments- monkey experiments where problem-solving was demonstrated when they were introduced to a novel substance or action
Wolfgang Kohler
Garcia effect: even in just one experience you will avoid food following an illness(food aversion)
John Garcia
Bobo experiments: kids either watch adults ignore or beat up the bobo and mimic their actions/ room with toys and groups of parents were told to get aggressive with them, one was scolded the other praised, the kids were shown this and responded in the room accordingly
Albert Bandura
reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
reinforce behaviors after unpredictable time periods
variable-interval schedule
a stimulus that automatically triggers a response
unconditioned stimulus
innate response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus( baby afraid of moving cars is also afraid of moving trucks, motorcycles, etc)
stimulus generalization
the learned the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
stimulus discrimination
the appearance of a formerly extinguished response, following a rest period
spontaneous recovery
modifying behavior by reinforcing behaviors that progressively approximate the target behavior(praising crawling, standing, taking a couple of steps until the baby is able to walk)
shaping
satisfying because we have learned to associate them with more basic rewards
secondary reinforcer
how often a response will be reinforced
schedule of reinforcement
behavior that is evoked by a specific stimulus and that will consistently and predictably occur if that stimulus is presented
respondent behavior
automatic, unlearned, relatively fixed responses to stimuli that do not require conscious effort and involve a faster response time
reflex
a consequence that follows an operant response that decreases the likelihood of that response occurring in the future
punishment
innately satisfying, no learning required
primary reinforcers
programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animals behavior
operant chamber
negative reinforcement: omission of a reward or something pleasurable will decrease the likelihood of the undesirable behavior occurring again
omission training
observing the behavior of others and mimicking them
observational learning
something that issues no natural response
neutral stimulus
the process of learning by copying others’ behaviors (observational learning)
modeling
frontal lobe neurons that fire when observing another person’s actions
mirror neurons
learned preference for stimuli you are regularly exposed to
mere exposure effect
a mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli (painful, unpleasant), becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli because it has learned that it cannot escape even if it can
learned helplessness
the probability will be increased if the learner completes the tasks and is presented with a desirable reward
Law of Effect
learning that is not expressed until a situation calls for it
latent learning
the tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors
instinctual drift
a procedure in which a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus, creating a new, often weaker, conditioned stimulus
higher-order conditioning
an organism’s decreasing response with regular exposure to a stimuli
habituation
reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
fixed-ratio (ration) schedule
reinforce behaviors after a set period of time
fixed-interval schedule
a response that becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus as a result of pairing the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that generally yields the response
conditioned response
neutral stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
learning that certain events occur together(studying a certain way will result in a good grade)
Associative learning
