Learning

Question 1

supported the contiguity model(the more you pair two items together the more likelihood of learning) and believed that humans and animals behavior is learned through a process of stimulus and response

Answer 1

John B. Watson

Question 2

discovered that human cognitive biases result from peoples’ use of fast but fallible cognitive strategies (changed the way people thought about decision-making)

Answer 2

Amos Tversky

Question 3

created the Law of Effect(probability will be increased if the learner completes the tasks and is presented with a desirable reward) through his use of cats, founded reinforcers (a condition that occurs after a response to strengthen the response)

Answer 3

Edward Thorndike

Question 4

used the operant chamber(skinner box- programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishments continguent on an animals behavior) on rats and pigeons

Answer 4

B.F. Skinner

Question 5

conflict with Pavlov’s theory / CS short pause, then US is most effective( Contingency model: does the learner see the connection between the neutral and unconditioned stimulus)

Answer 5

Robert Rescorla

Question 6

creator of classical conditioning who studied the digestive system of dogs to see what makes them drool (neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus will create a conditioned response which is the same as the unconditioned response) and supporter of the contiguity model- the more you pair two items together the more likelihood of learning)

Answer 6

Ivan Pavlov

Question 7

Insight learning- problem-solving by a sudden reorganization of perceptions(ah-ha moment) believed that thinking had to play a critical role in learning and that it doesn’t always revolve around reward/ Sultan Experiments- monkey experiments where problem-solving was demonstrated when they were introduced to a novel substance or action

Answer 7

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 8

Garcia effect: even in just one experience you will avoid food following an illness(food aversion)

Answer 8

John Garcia

Question 9

Bobo experiments: kids either watch adults ignore or beat up the bobo and mimic their actions/ room with toys and groups of parents were told to get aggressive with them, one was scolded the other praised, the kids were shown this and responded in the room accordingly

Answer 9

Albert Bandura

Question 10

reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 10

variable-ratio schedule

Question 11

reinforce behaviors after unpredictable time periods

Answer 11

variable-interval schedule

Question 12

a stimulus that automatically triggers a response

Answer 12

unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

innate response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 13

unconditioned response

Question 14

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus( baby afraid of moving cars is also afraid of moving trucks, motorcycles, etc)

Answer 14

stimulus generalization

Question 15

the learned the ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Answer 15

stimulus discrimination

Question 16

the appearance of a formerly extinguished response, following a rest period

Answer 16

spontaneous recovery

Question 17

modifying behavior by reinforcing behaviors that progressively approximate the target behavior(praising crawling, standing, taking a couple of steps until the baby is able to walk)

Answer 17

shaping

Question 18

satisfying because we have learned to associate them with more basic rewards

Answer 18

secondary reinforcer

Question 19

how often a response will be reinforced

Answer 19

schedule of reinforcement

Question 20

behavior that is evoked by a specific stimulus and that will consistently and predictably occur if that stimulus is presented

Answer 20

respondent behavior

Question 21

automatic, unlearned, relatively fixed responses to stimuli that do not require conscious effort and involve a faster response time

Answer 21

reflex

Question 22

a consequence that follows an operant response that decreases the likelihood of that response occurring in the future

Answer 22

punishment

Question 23

innately satisfying, no learning required

Answer 23

primary reinforcers

Question 24

programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animals behavior

Answer 24

operant chamber

Question 25

negative reinforcement: omission of a reward or something pleasurable will decrease the likelihood of the undesirable behavior occurring again

Answer 25

omission training

Question 26

observing the behavior of others and mimicking them

Answer 26

observational learning

Question 27

something that issues no natural response

Answer 27

neutral stimulus

Question 28

the process of learning by copying others’ behaviors (observational learning)

Answer 28

modeling

Question 29

frontal lobe neurons that fire when observing another person’s actions

Answer 29

mirror neurons

Question 30

learned preference for stimuli you are regularly exposed to

Answer 30

mere exposure effect

Question 31

a mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli (painful, unpleasant), becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli because it has learned that it cannot escape even if it can

Answer 31

learned helplessness

Question 32

the probability will be increased if the learner completes the tasks and is presented with a desirable reward

Answer 32

Law of Effect

Question 33

learning that is not expressed until a situation calls for it

Answer 33

latent learning

Question 34

the tendency of some trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors

Answer 34

instinctual drift

Question 35

a procedure in which a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus, creating a new, often weaker, conditioned stimulus

Answer 35

higher-order conditioning

Question 36

an organism’s decreasing response with regular exposure to a stimuli

Answer 36

habituation

Question 37

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

Answer 37

fixed-ratio (ration) schedule

Question 38

reinforce behaviors after a set period of time

Answer 38

fixed-interval schedule

Question 39

a response that becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus as a result of pairing the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that generally yields the response

Answer 39

conditioned response

Question 40

neutral stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

Answer 40

conditioned stimulus

Question 41

learning that certain events occur together(studying a certain way will result in a good grade)

Answer 41

Associative learning