Intelligence and Testing Flashcards
compared black and white children adopted into similar home environments
IQ’s averaged between the adopted and biological parents
Impact: POWER OF NURTURE
Scarr and Weinberg’s study on race and IQ
genetic basis for IQ
certain groups can never achieve certain levels of intelligence
Proof: failure of government programs to raise scores in underprivileged areas
Impact: POWER OF NATURE and Stimulates a new wave of studies on race and IQ
Arthur Jenson’s claims on race and IQ
Not purely genetic, but a combination of nature(biological parents, genetics ) and nurture(home environments)
Greater variation in IQ scores exists within each ethnic group than between them, finding only 1 standard deviation between the scores of white and black people
difference between IQ scores of African Americans and Caucasian Americans
98% of recall
total recall of 11,000 books
every zip-code in the US
studied by NASA
Kim Peek
individuals who have a remarkable talent even though they are mentally slow in other domains
savant syndrome
designed to assess a test taker’s knowledge in a certain academic area
achievement test
tests designed to evaluate a person’s ability to learn a skill or subject
aptitude test
the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems
artificial intelligence
each item is representative of the larger body of knowledge about the subject that the test covers
content validity
knowledge acquired(facts, memorized things, semantic)(remains stable or increases with age)
crystallized intelligence
a term used to determine whether or not two or more forms of tests that are designed to measure some aspect of mentality are truly equivalent to one another
equivalent form
a set of mental and physical disorders that can include mental retardation, brain dysfunction, physical abnormalities, learning disabilities, and psychological disorders as a result of exposure to alcohol before birth
fetal alcohol syndrome
reasoning and abstract memory, to do things(decreases with age)
fluid intelligence
the widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century
Flynn effect
IQ of 135+
giftedness
a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits
heritability
water in the brian
hydrocephaly
the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason
intelligence
a measure of a person’s reasoning ability or how well someone can use information and logic to answer questions or make predictions
intelligence quotient (IQ)
human beings have different ways in which they process data, each being independent( musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic)
multiple intelligence
a test accurately measures the performance of the participant against a specific learning goal
predictive validity
a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean
standard deviation
defining uniform testing procedures and scoring guidelines
standardization
France commissioned them to study the learning potential of students to identify slow learners
mental age- a measure of intelligence performance( if a 10-year-old performs at an 8-year-old-level they need additional support at school
Alfred Binet
eugenics- the study of hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding
influenced heavily by Charles Darwin’s work: On the Origin of Species
believed that people’s intelligence is purely genetic
Francis Galton
human beings have different ways in which they process data, each being independent( musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic)
Howard Gardner
believed in a genetic basis for IQ
certain groups can never achieve the same level of intelligence
Proof: failure of government programs to raise scores in underprivileged areas(government programs usually fail)
Impact: Power of NATURE/ Stimulates new wave of studies on race and IQ
Arthur Jensen
Triarchic Theory: Analytical Intelligence(academic problem solving and computation), Practical Intelligence(Street smarts and common sense), Creative Intelligence(Imaginative and innovative problem solving)
Robert Sternberg
the main critic of spearman
broke intelligence into 7 clusters of primary mental abilities (word fluency, spatial ability, perceptual speed, memory, verbal comprehension, inductive reasoning, numerical ability)
L.L. Thurston
Creator of the WISC-IV(verbal IQ and Performance IQ{6-16}) and the WAIS-IV( seperate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, processing speed, and overall intelligence {16-adulthood})
David Wechsler
Will the test yield the SAME results overtime?
Reliability
Does the test measure what it claims to measure?
Validity
the learning potential of students to identify slow learners and whether or not they need additional support at school
Alfred Binet’s initial intelligence tests were designed to measure
Calculation of an intelligence score
mental age/ chronological age X 100= IQ
problem with Stanford-Binet’s intelligence quotient (IQ)
by the age of 16 and above, mental age scores usually level off
the bell-shaped curve that describes a distribution
68% or more scores fall within 1 SD of the mean
normal curve
mean and SD for most IQ tests
mean: 100
SD: 15
2-adulthood/ 4 key areas (verbal reasoning, abstract reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and short-term memory)
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Test
6-16/ verbal IQ and performance IQ
WISC
16- adulthood/ separate scores( verbal, comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, processing speed, and an overall intelligence)
WAIS
infants and toddlers/ DQ(developmental quotient) instead of IQ, useful in spotting developmental delays
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
people’s intelligence is purely genetic
Francis Galton
general intelligence that underlies all intellectual domains
Charles Spearman’s ‘g factor’
opposed Spearman’s argument of general intelligence, claiming that there were several specific mental abilities that determined one’s intelligence
L.L. Thurstone’s argument against Spearman’s theory
ability to analyze problems and find correct answers (most IQ tests)
Robert Sternberg Analytical Intelligence
ability to people develop new ideas and create new concepts (Picasso’s cubism)
Robert Sternberg Creative Intelligence
ability to cope w/ people and events in their environment (street smarts)
Robert Sternberg Practical Intelligence
noticed a problem with the original formula
gifted students in California
developed the Standford-Binet intelligence quotient
results from Lewis Terman’s longitudinal study
130-135+
IQ score accepted by American school districts for identifying gifted students
enzyme deficiency and mutation on the 12th chromosome
Phenylketonuria
more likely in males/ mutation in the FMR-1 gene
Fragile X syndrome
extra 21st chromosome
Down syndrome
Onset prior to 18
IQ below 70
intellectual disabilities
changed “mental retardation” to “intellectual disability” in US federal law
Rosa’s Law
children raised in a high-quality environment should score near the top of their POTENTIAL IQ range
Reaction Range Model
a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits
heritability
human beings have different ways in which they process data, each being independent( musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic)
Howard Gardner’s ‘multiple intelligence’
