Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
individual intentionally behaves in ways designed to prevent contact with phobic objects or situations
active avoidance
dread of the potential of the next panic attack
anticipatory anxiety
decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful acts (ex: sits for long periods of time with no interest)
avolition
structural brain abnormality where one side of the brain is different (size)( theory for the cause of schizophrenia)
brain asymmetries
trance-like state marked by loss of voluntary motion in which the limbs remain in whatever position placed even against gravity
catalepsy
the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient
comorbidity
the probability of one twin having the disorder if the other twin has already has it
concordance rate
shows unusual of prolonged levels of anxiety or depression (ex: getting nervous days before a test)
deviance
distinguishing between one illness from another
diagnosis
persistent thinking about one or more perceived deficits or flaws in appearance that appears minor or can not be seen by others
dysmorphic
mimicking another person’s speech
echolalia
mimicking another persons movements
echopraxia
delusion that another person is in love with the individual
erotomanic delusion
cause and development of illness
etiology
delusion of having some great talent or insight
grandiose delusion
abnormally elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week, not attributed to the use of medication, not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
hypomanic episode
delusion that his/her spouse is unfaithful
jealous delusion
person acts in ways that make other fearful or interferes with personal well-being(ex: drinking so much you can’t hold down a job)
maladaptiveness
abnormally elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week, not attributed to the use of medication
manic episode
absence or reduction of speech, either voluntary or avolitional
mutism
sudden, unexpected intense fear response
panic attack
delusion that he/she is being conspired against, cheated, or spied upon
persecutory delusion
overwhelming and debilitating fear of an object, place, situation, feeling or animal (unrealistic or exaggerated sense of danger)
phobia
the proportion of a population who have a disease or health condition at a specific period of time
prevalence
forecast about probable course of an illness
prognosis
mental disorder in which a person loses the ability to recognize reality or relate to others
psychosis
the activity of expelling food that has just been ingested usually by vomiting in order to reduce or eliminate real or imagined weight gain
purging
delusion about bodily function or sensations
somatic delusion
state close to unconsciousness marked by extreme apathy (dazed)
stupor
compulsive sound or movement that is often difficult to control
tic
condition in which a person remains in a position for an unusually long time when placed by others/ light resistance to repositioning
waxy flexibility
genetic connection to schizophrenia
Irving Gottesman
DID(dissociative identity disorder) results from sociocultural factors, not trauma
Nicholas Spanos
field that studies the causes(etiology)of mental disorders
Epidemiology
show an unusual or prolonged levels of anxiety or depression (ex: getting nervous days before a test)
distress
act or talk in ways that are incomprehensible to other(ex: swallowing a fish in the cafeteria)
irrationality
erratic or inconsistent behavior( ex: the bipolar manager)
unpredictable
looks at abnormal behavior as a disease, began to replace torture and abuse
medical model
Biological- evolution, brain structure, DNA
Psychological- stress, trauma, mood-related perceptions
Social-Cultural- roles, expectation, normality
biopsychosocial approach
contains the most up to date criteria for diagnosing mental disorders with descriptive text, describing the prognosis for the individuals
DSM-5
abnormal behavior is rewarded and reinforced, thus it becomes established, abnormal behavior is learned
behavioral
abnormal brain function due to structural and/or chemical abnormalities in the brain
biological
irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking
cognitive
failure to share ones full potential, people are unable to accept themselves
humanistic
interaction with Id, Ego, and Superego responsible for disorder, unable to resolve intrapsychic conflicts
psychoanalytic
a groups established behavioral norms define what is acceptable behavior
sociocultural
all 3 are interconnected to create abnormally
Social-cognitive -behavioral
the anticipation of a future threat
anxiety
emotional response to a real, immediate threat
fear
anxiety disorder characterized by reoccuring panic attacks as well as the constant worry of another attack occuring
panic disorder
victims must have 3 recurring symptoms for at least 6 months: agitation, loss of energy, difficultly focusing, irratibility, muscle tension, difficulty sleeping
generalized anxiety
characterized by an out of proportion fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia
fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possivle scrutiny by others
social anxiety disorder
marked by active avoidance and fear of two of the following situations( public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, crowds, being outside of the home alone)
agoraphobia
consistent fear that is not attributed to the situation they are in
free-floating anxiety
characterized by obsessions and compulsions are time-consuming (more than 1 hour per day) or case significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning
OCD(obessive-compulsive disorder)
recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as unwanted that lead to anxiety or distress(thoughts of contamination, religious, perfectionism)
obessions
repetitive behaviors or mental acts, that the individual feels driven to perform according to a self-imposed set of rules to reduce to prevent anxiety (hand washing, checking, praying, counting)
compulsions
chronic difficulty in getting rid of possessions regardless of their value, stemming from a need to save items to avoid stress
hoarding disorder
reoccurring memories, nightmares, vivid flashbacks, intense reactive distress in the presence of reminder cues, severe physiological reactions upon exposure to cues resembling aspects
intrusion symptoms
avoid people, places, conversations, or memories
avoidance symptoms
angry outbursts, reckless behavior, or hyper vigilance(detecting threats), problems concentrating or sleep disturbances
arousal symptoms
(lasts for more than 1 month)exposure to actual threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, directly experiencing or witnessing the traumatic event, learning that a traumatic event has happened to a faily member or close friend
PTSD
(lasts from 3 days to 1 month) same symptoms as PTSD and about 50% develop PTSD
Acute stress disorder
neurotransmitter associated with anxiety
GABA
5 or more symptoms(depressed mood most of the day, everyday, deminished interest in pleasurable activities, significant weightloss or gain, insomnia, fatigue, inability to concentrate, suicidal thoughts), impairment of social and occupational functioning
Major depression disorder
depressed mood persists for more than 2 years, symptoms include at least 2 of the following( poor appetite or overeating, insomnia, fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feeling hopelessness)
persistent depressive episode disorder
frequent outbursts over a period lasting at least 1 year with no more than a 3-month period without outbursts, 3+ outbursts weekly and individual’s mood is chronically irritable and angry(onset prior to 10)
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Episode characterized by five or more of the following symptoms lasting at least 2 weeks( feeling of sadness or hopelessness, diminished interest in pleasurable activities, significant weight loss, insomnia, psychomotor agitation, fatigue lasting the whole day, diminished ability to think of concentrate, recurrent thoughts of death)
major depressive episode
eating disorder where people eat so little that they have unhealthy weight loss and become dangerously thin
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by regular often secretive bouts of overeating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging
builimia nervosa
frequently eating unusually large amounts of food in one sitting and feeling that eating beahvior is out of control
binge-eating disorder
characterized by manic, hypomanic, and major depressive episodes
Bipolar 1
at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but NO MANIC EPISODES, noticeable impairment occurs during the major depressive episode
Bipolar 2
symptoms of hypomania and depression have appeared numerous times for a period of 2 years without being symptom free for any 2 consecutive months
Cyclothymic disorder
abnormally elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week, not attributed to the use of medication
Manic episode
abnormally elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week, not attrivuted to the use of medication, not sever enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
Hyopomanic episode
disregard for the rights of others, long standing pattern of irresponsible behavior that indicates a complete lack of conscience, formerly labeled as psychopaths, do not experience anxiety or shame and typically lie, steal, and fight
Antisocial personality disorder
innability to maintain health social relationships( fear of abandonment)
Borderline personality disorder
excessively emotional attention seeking(active sex life)
Histrionic personality disorder
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Narcissistic personality disorder
distrust and suspicious of people
Paranoid personality disorder
two or more distinct personality that involves a dsiruption in identity, recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and traumatic events that are inconsistent with normal forgetting
Dissociative identity disorder
sudden inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that can’t be explained by normal forgetting, episodes last days or years and can be reoccuring, retrograde amnesia only
Dissociative amnesia
purposeful travel that is associated with amnesia of identity or important autobiographical information
dissociative fugue
when a person has significant focus on physical symptoms, such as pain, weakness, etc to a point where they experience major distress or problems functioning
Somatic symptom disorder
obession with the idea of having a serious but undiagnosed medical condition
Illness anxiety disorder
a condition in which a person experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, etc with no underlying neurological cause
Conversion disorder
fixed beliefs that are not open to change regardless of evidence
Delusion
perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus, vivid and clear and not voluntary control, auditory are most common
Hallucination
one or more delusions persisting for 1 month or longer, daily functioning is NOT significantly affected( persecutory is the most common delusion)
Delusional disorder
at least 2 key psychotic symptoms with at least 1 being a delusion, hallucination, or disorganized speech, disturbance must last 6 months, level of daily function is greatly impacted, onset occurs between late teens and the mid-30s
Shizophrenia
continuous psychotic symptoms present with major mood episodes(manic or major depressive), delusions or hallucinations present for at least 2 or more weeks
Schizoaffective disorder
marked decrease in reactivity to the environment, 3 or more of the following(stupor, catalepsy, waxy flexibility, mutism, negativism, posturing, mannerism, sterotypu, grimacing, echolalia, echopraxia)
catatonia
mental illness in such a severe manner that a person can not distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis
insanity
Experiment conducted to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. The participants feigned hallucinations to enter psychiatric hospitals but acted normally afterwards. They were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic medication however did not take them, It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals
Rosenhan’s study
marked by incongruence between one’s expressed gender and assigned gender for at least 6 months, significant distress or impairmnet in social, school, or other important areas of functioning
Gender dysphoria
repeated instances of activity with a 1-year period wherein the individual displays 3 of the following behaviors( aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, theft, serious violation of rule)
Conduct disorder
pattern of angry mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, disturbance is associated to the immediate social context
Oppositional defiant disorder
persistent pattern of inattention or impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, inability to sustain interest in an activity or maintain mental focus required by a task, easily distracted and impatient, inability to sit still or remain quit(present before age 12)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across a wide range of activities, limited ability to share emotions and interests of others, poor recognitions of verbal and nonverbal cues and gestures, repetitibe behaviors and patterns with fixation on particular interests(present in early developmental period, 2)
Autism spectrum disorder
excessive clumsiness and awkwardness in motor skills significantly below accepted age-norms, tics
Motor disorders
high levels of dopamine, antipsychotic medication lowers dopamine levels, (parkinson patients: exact opposite of schitzophrenia
Dopamine Hypothesis
malnutrition or viral infection during pregnancy, oxygen deprivation or trauma during birth
how neurodevelopmental processes may be related to the development of schizophrenia
decrease volume of the temporal lobe, enlargement of the ventricles, brain asymmetries, low frontal lobe activity, increase activity in the amygdala and thalamus
Structural abnormalities that may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia
