CIHS 4 Exam Flashcards
distinguishing between one illness from another
Diagnosis
cause and development of illness
Etiology
Ativan, Valium
antianxiety drugs
Prozac, Zoloft, and Praxil
antidepressant drugs
Thorazine
antipsychotic drugs
non-directive approach to talk therapy that requires the client to actively take the reins during each therapy session, while the therapist acts mainly as a guide or a source of support for the client
client-centered therapy
a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave. It’s most commonly used to treat anxiety and depression
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
contains the most up to date criteria for diagnosing mental disorders with descriptive text, describing the prognosis for the individuals
purpose of the DSM-5
a treatment that involves sending an electric current through your brain, causing a brief surge of electrical activity within your brain to treat depression, suicidality, severe psychosis, food refusal secondary to depression, and catatonia
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
giving the person direct exposure to an anxiety-provoking situation
flooding
the patient relaxes and talks about whatever comes to their head(Freudian psychoanalysis)
free association
person imagines themselves in an anxiety-provoking situation
implosive therapy
mood-stabilizing drug used to treat mania, hypomania, etc
lithium
brain surgery that severes the connection between the frontal lobe and other parts of the brain as a treatment for mental health conditions such as schizophrenia
lobotomy
anxiety disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks as well as the constant worry of another attack occurring
panic disorder
victims must have 3 recurring symptoms for at least 6 months: agitation, loss of energy, difficulty focusing, irritability, muscle tension, difficulty sleeping
generalized anxiety
characterized by an out-of-proportion fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia disorder
fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possiblee scrutiny by others
social anxiety disorder
clients practice being in stressful situations with a therapist with them to help them practice replacement skills
stress-inoculation training
a medication-induced movement disorder that persists despite discontinuation or change of the medications
tardive dyskinesia
involves the therapist accepting and supporting the client regardless of what he or she says or does
unconditional positive regard
marked by active avoidance and fear of two of the following situations( public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, crowds, being outside of the home alone)
agoraphobia
individual intentionally behaves in ways designed to prevent contact with phobic objects or situations
active avoidance
characterized by obsessions and compulsions are time-consuming (more than 1 hour per day) or case significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning
Obsessive compulsive disorder
recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as unwanted that elad to anxiety or distres
obessions
repetitive behaviors or mental acts, that the individual feels driven to perform according to a self-imposed set of rules to reduce to prevent anxiety
compulsions
(lasts for more than 1 month)exposure to actual threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, directly experiencing or witnessing the traumatic event, learning that a traumatic event has happened to a faily member or close friend
PTSD
a therapy approach that draws the most relevant techniques from other evidence-based therapy modalities together for an effective, individualized treatment plan
eclectic therapy
client keeps a dream journal and therapists figure out the underlying concepts in the manifest content(Freudian psychoanalysis)
dream analysis
made by the therapist once they have determined the underlying issues (Freudian psychoanalysis)
interpretation
when the individual transfers their personal feelings about a person to their therapist
transference
patient intentionally blocks or refuses to open up about certain topics
resistance
when an individual becomes highly emotional(good thing to get people to open up)
catharsis
(lasts from 3 days to 1 month) same symptoms as PTSD and about 50% develop PTSD
Acute stress disorder
two or more distinct personality that involves a disruption in identity, recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and traumatic events that are inconsistent with normal forgetting
Dissociative Identity Disorder
sudden inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that can’t be explained by normal forgetting, episodes last days or years and can be reoccurring, retrograde amnesia only
Dissociative Amnesia
it can act as a support network and a sounding board, other members often help you come up with specific ideas for improving a difficult situation or life challenge, and hold you accountable, regularly talking and listening to others also helps you put your own problems in perspective
advantages of group therapy
anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to anxiety-provoking stimulus or a situation
exposure therapy
type of therapy that associates a relaxed state with anxiety-inducing stimuli
systematic desensitzation
type of conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted(aversive) behavior
aversion therapy/ conditioning
purposeful travel that is associated with amnesia of identity or important autobiographical information
dissociative fugue
5 or more symptoms(depressed mood most of the day, everyday, deminished interest in pleasurable activities, significant weightloss or gain, insomnia, fatigue, inability to concentrate, suicidal thoughts), impairment of social and occupational functioning
Major depression disorder
distribution of ‘tokens’ or other indicators of reinforcement contingent on desirable behavior, tokens need to be redeemable and given immediately after desired behavior(elementary schools, prisons, mental hospitals)(operant conditioning therapy)
token economics
depressed mood persists for more than 2 years, symptoms include at least 2 of the following(poor appetite or overeating, insomnia, fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, feeling hopelessness)
persistent depressive disorder
an experimental procedure in which a nonhuman animal, already conditioned to respond to a stimulus in a particular way, is trained to produce a different response
counterconditioning
eating disorder where people eat so little that they have unhealthy weight loss and become dangerously thing
Anorexia Nervosa
eating disorder characterized by regular often secretive bouts of overeating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging
bulimia nervosa
frequently eating unusually large amounts of food in one sitting and feeling that eating behavior is out of control
binge-eating disorder
how cultural standards have impacted the percentages of anorexia nervosa
Cultural standards emphasize thinness with success often in magazines, television and other media, creating unrealistic images of perfection, teen girls and young women are the most at risk
abnormally elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week, not attributed to the use of medication
Manic episode
abnormally elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week, not attrivuted to the use of medication, not sever enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
Hypomanic episode
Ritalin
stimulant used to treat ADHD
Strattera
non-stimulant that increases norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, used to treat ADHD
characterized by manic, hypomanic, and major depressive episodes
Bipolar I
at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but NO MANIC EPISODES, noticeable impairment occurs during the major depressive episode
Bipolar II
disregard for the rights of others, long standing pattern of irresponsible behavior that indicates a complete lack of conscience, formerly labeled as psychopaths, do not experience anxiety or shame and typically lie, steal, and fight
Antisocial personality disorder
innability to maintain health social relationships( fear of abandonment)
borderline personality disorder
excessively emotional attention seeking(active sex life)
Histrionic personality disorder
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Narsisstic personality disorder
distrust and suspiciousion of people
Paranoid personality disorder
delusion of having some great talent or insight
grandiose delusions
work by increasing serotonin(a neurotransmitter) levels in the brain to treat depression, particularly persistent or severe cases
SSRIs on body chemistry
depression, suicidality, severe psychosis, food refusal secondary to depression, and catatonia
ECT is used to treat
delusion that his/her spouse is unfaithful
jealous delusions
delusion that he/she is being conspired against, cheated or spied upon
persecutory delusions
delusion about bodily function or sensations
somatic delusions
delusion that another person is in love with the individual
erotomanic delusions
decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful acts (ex: sits for long periods of time with not interest)
avolition
what lead to deinstitutionalization
the belief that mental hospitals were cruel and inhumane; the hope that new antipsychotic medications offered a cure; and the desire to save money
the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response
spontaneous response
a reduction or disappearance of symptoms without any therapeutic intervention, which may be temporary or permanent
spontaneous remission
fixed beliefs that are not eopen to change regardless of evidence
delusions
perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus, vivid and clear and not voluntary control, auditory are most common
hallucinations
high levels of dopamine, antipsychotic medication lowers dopamine levels, (parkinson patients: exact opposite of schitzophrenia)
Summarize the ‘Dopamine Hypothesis’
persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across a wide range of activities, limited ability to share emotions and interests of others, poor recognitions of verbal and nonverbal cues and gestures, repetitibe behaviors and patterns with fixation on particular interests(present in early developmental period, 2)
Autism spectrum disorder
persistent pattern of inattention or impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, inability to sustain interest in an activity or maintain mental focus required by a task, easily distracted and impatient, inability to sit still or remain quit(present before age 12)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
pattern of angry mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, disturbance is associated to the immediate social context
oppositional defiant disorder
marked by incongruence between one’s expressed gender and assigned gender for at least 6 months, significant distress or impairment in social, school, or other important areas of functioning
gender dysphoria disorder
Experiment conducted to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. The participants feigned hallucinations to enter psychiatric hospitals but acted normally afterwards. They were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic medication however did not take them
Rosenhan’s study of mental hospital admissions
determined that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals
significance of the Rosenhan study
mental illness in such a severe manner that a person can not distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis
what is meant by insanity
decrease volume of the temporal lobe, enlargement of the ventricles, brain asymmetries, low frontal lobe activity, increase activity in the amygdala and thalamus
structural abnormalities that may be the etiology of schizophrennia
used to improve or cure a patient’s severe mental illness by focusing on making physical changes to the structure and function of the brain to improve mental health
goal of biomedical therapies
bias that devalues people because of their perceived membership in a social group
prejudice
an act, policy, practice, or social structure that creates, maintains, or reinforces an advantage for some groups and their members over other groups and their members
discrimination
a cognitive structure of organized information, or representations, about social norms and collective patterns of behavior within society
social schemas
an inference regarding the cause of a person’s behavior or an interpersonal event
attribution theory
refer to the external factors or circumstances that influence an individual’s behavior
dispositional factors
refer to the internal traits or characteristics of an individual that influence their behavior
situational factors
we act to reduce discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent resulting in a change in our attitude
cognitive dissonance
bias where observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors
fundamental attribution error
phenomenon by which people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are
spotlight effect
bias that assumes that “people get what they deserve” – that actions will have morally fair and fitting consequences for the actor
Just-world hypothesis
key factors of attraction
physical, similarity, reciprocity, proximity
deep lasting affection that allows relationships to last
companionate love
intense positive absorption seen at the beginning of a relationship
passionate love
physical attractiveness was associated with reproductive potential
Evolutionary research on mating partners
persuasion that focuses on the issues/arguement
central route persuasion
persuasion that is influenced by incidental views
Peripheral route persuasion
a form of social influence in which a person yields to explicit requests from another person
compliance
tendency for people to adopt behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group
conformity
the expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
norms of reciprocity
technique in which you start with a small request and gradually increase them
foot-in-door technique
technique in which you start with an outrageous request and once it gets denied you lower it to your target request
door-in-face technique
technique where you extremely lower the price or ask and right at the moment the person is going to do/buy it the price/task gets upped
lowball technique
loss of individual identity for the betterment of the group
deindivudation
the tendency to mimic the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors to match that of others in one’s current social environment
chameleon effect
participants select a line out of three that matches the stimulus line/ subjects conformed ⅓ of the time when the confederates vote unanimously/ Conformity and Normative and Social influence
Solomon Asch
people who are able to resist situational forces that overwhelm their peers
individual heroic defiance
Teacher to apply electric shocks when the learner does not answer questions correctly/ 66% of subjects delivered what they thought to be a maximum of 450 volts/ obedience to authority figures
Stanely Milgram
simulate a prison setting and assign roles of “prisoners” and “guards” to students/ simulation cut off in 6 days because of sadistic guards and ethical violations/ social roles
Standford prison experiments
occurs when members of a group are so driven to reach a unanimous decision that they no longer truly evaluate the repercussions of their decisions
groupthink
teachers were told prior to the school year to expect certain kids to “bloom” academically during the year/ teacher expectations did come true- bloomers did prove more successful than non-bloomers/ self-fulfilling prophecy
Rosenthal and Jacobson’s “Pygmalion in the Classroom” study
Emergency situation created to test people’s helping behavior/ people when they think they are alone, but the larger the group present, the less likely anyone is to act/ diffusion of responsibility and bystander intervention
Latane and Darley’s ‘seizure study’
occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation
bystnader effect
when working or performing with others causes a massive decrease in the ability
social inhibition
you have a diminished sense of effort when working in a group or with other people
social loafing
your performance will increase when performing a task around other people
social facilitation
the physical outcome of a situation being influenced by our thinking, either positively or negatively
self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when a group of like-minded people reinforces each other’s opinions, positive or negative, and these opinions become more extreme as they’re discussed
group polarization
any group to which one belongs or with which one identifies, but particularly a group judged to be different from other groups
ingroup
A group of people who do not belong to one’s own social group
outgroup
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
altruism
rules and standards that are understood by members of a group, and that guide or constrain social behaviors without the force of law
social norms
