Memory Flashcards
anterograde amnesia
the inability to make new memories
cryptomnesia
inadvertent plagiarism, caused by a memory bias whereby a person falsely recalls generating a thought, an idea, a song, or a joke, when the though was actually generated by someone else
declarative memory
the ability to store and retrieve both personal information (episodic memory) and general knowledge ( semantic memory)
deja vu
occurs when we feel that a new situation is familiar, even if there is evidence that the situation could not have occurred previously
deep processing
encoding semantically based on the meaning of the word
echoic memory
short-term memory of auditory stimuli
eidetic memories
the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision—at least for a brief period of time—after seeing it only once and without using a mnemonic device.
encoding
giving something meaning for storage and deciding what we want to remember
episodic memory
long-term memory of specific events that you have experienced
(flashbulb memories- linked to emotion/ personal experiences)
explicit memory
the conscious recollection of a previous episode, as in recall or recognition
forgetting curve
shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time – unless we take action to keep it there
iconic memory
short-term memory of visual stimuli
implicit memory
does not require the conscious or explicit recollection of past events or information, and the individual is unaware that remembering has occurred(procedural, priming, and conditioned memory)
Method of Loci
envisioning a location or physical space that you are familiar with in order to recall and arrange memory content
misinformation effect
memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
mnemonic devices
any specialized memory technique
peg-word
a strategy used to remember lists whereby each item is associated with in imagination with a number- word pair
priming
occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences his or her response to a subsequent stimulus, without any awareness of the connection
proactive interference
occurs when prior learning disrupts recall of new information
recall
the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information
recognition
a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered
rehearsal
process to get a piece of information into memory through maintenance(continue to repeat) or elaboration(linking new info to familiar concepts)
retroactive interference
occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information
retrograde amnesia
the inability to remember things from the past
semantic memory
long-term memory of objective knowledge learned over many interactions
sensory memory
the perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain in an extremely short amount of time and is, most of the time, not consciously aware
shallow processing
encoding on structure or appearance of a word
source amnesia
impaired memory for how, when, or where information was learned
state-dependent memory
learning that takes place in one situation or “state” is generally better remembered later if the situation or “state” is similar
transience
long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time (decay)
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
created the working memory model (encode incoming information/ access and retrieve information from long-term memory) and the Three-Stage Model of Memory(1. sensory memory, 2. working/short-term memory, 3. long-term memory)
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
described the levels of processing (shallow-encoding on the structure or appearance of a word vs deep-encoding semantically based on the meaning of the word)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
discovery of the forgetting curve(shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time – unless we take action to keep it there) and the spacing effect(the finding that long-term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time, rather than massed in immediate succession)
patient H.M.
experienced massive seizures so doctors removed hippocampus and amygdala and as a result they lost the ability to form new memories, but had no problem retrieving old memories
Elizabeth Loftus
trying to convince people that they met Bugs Bunny at Disneyland even though that is impossible/ constructed memory- a memory containing false details or an event that never happened/ car accident experiment- estimating speed when different verbs were used to describe the crash(misinformation effect-memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion)
George Miller
suggested that the capacity of short-term memory can hold 7 +/-2 items at a time
Persistence
memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind
Bias
influence of personal beliefs attitudes, and experiences on memory(consistency bias)/ tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one’s expectations(expectancy bias)
Suggestibility
memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
Misattribution
a memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with wrong, time, place, or person
Blocking
forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved
Absent-mindedness
forgetting by lapses in attention (psuedoforgetting)
rosy retrospection
remembering and/or exaggerating the positives from past events and minimizing negatives
mood-congruent memory
humans have the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with their current mood, thus associating moods when encoding memories
a constructed memory
a memory containing false details or an event that never happened
Relearning
relearning information that has been previously learned
Retention
the ability to remember information over a period of time
Recency effect
enhanced memory for items, ideas, or arguments that came last and are therefore remembered more clearly than those that came first or in the middle
Primacy effect
enhanced memory for items presented at the beginning of a list relative to items presented in the middle of the list
Serial position effect
accounts for our tendency to recall best last items and first items in a list
How retrieval cues aid in memory
when you encode into memory a target piece of information it is associated with other bits of information and the more connections, the better chance of finding a route to the suspended memory(surrounding, mood, smell, tastes, sights)
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning
repression
purposeful blocking of information
hippocampus
Explicit memories are stored in
cerebellum, amygdala, and basal ganglia
Implicit memories are stored in
flash-bulb memory
personal memories that are linked to emotions
Long-term potentiation
strengthening of neural excitability along specific neural pathways related to memory
Consolidation
process by which short-term memories are stored in long-term memory
Engram
physical change to the brain resulting from memory
schema
mental construct that allows us to relate new information to previous knowledge(clusters of related concepts/objects)
the capacity of your long-term memory
Unlimited
Acronym
an invented combination of letters. Each letter is a cue to an item you need to remember
Rhyme
acoustic encoding, the processing of sounds and words for memory storage and later retrieval
Elaborative rehearsal
linking new information to familiar concepts
Maintenance
continued repitition
Clustering
tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
Chunking
organizing information into familiar concepts
Baddeley’s working memory model
stimulation- sensory memory- working memory(central executive{sketchpad-where we manipulate images/ phonological loop-holds sounds})/storage and retrieval from- long-term memory
Tactile
Touch
Olfactory
Smell
Gustatory
Taste
Semantic encoding
the processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context
Retrieval
involves the interaction between external sensory or internally generated cues and stored memory traces
Parallel Processing
the ability to make sense of information from different parts of our brain at the same time
Elaboration
making a connection between new information and old information
