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AP Psych CIHS > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to make new memories

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2
Q

cryptomnesia

A

inadvertent plagiarism, caused by a memory bias whereby a person falsely recalls generating a thought, an idea, a song, or a joke, when the though was actually generated by someone else

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3
Q

declarative memory

A

the ability to store and retrieve both personal information (episodic memory) and general knowledge ( semantic memory)

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4
Q

deja vu

A

occurs when we feel that a new situation is familiar, even if there is evidence that the situation could not have occurred previously

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5
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically based on the meaning of the word

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6
Q

echoic memory

A

short-term memory of auditory stimuli

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7
Q

eidetic memories

A

the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision—at least for a brief period of time—after seeing it only once and without using a mnemonic device.

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8
Q

encoding

A

giving something meaning for storage and deciding what we want to remember

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9
Q

episodic memory

A

long-term memory of specific events that you have experienced
(flashbulb memories- linked to emotion/ personal experiences)

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10
Q

explicit memory

A

the conscious recollection of a previous episode, as in recall or recognition

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11
Q

forgetting curve

A

shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time – unless we take action to keep it there

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12
Q

iconic memory

A

short-term memory of visual stimuli

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13
Q

implicit memory

A

does not require the conscious or explicit recollection of past events or information, and the individual is unaware that remembering has occurred(procedural, priming, and conditioned memory)

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14
Q

Method of Loci

A

envisioning a location or physical space that you are familiar with in order to recall and arrange memory content

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15
Q

misinformation effect

A

memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

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16
Q

mnemonic devices

A

any specialized memory technique

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17
Q

peg-word

A

a strategy used to remember lists whereby each item is associated with in imagination with a number- word pair

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18
Q

priming

A

occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences his or her response to a subsequent stimulus, without any awareness of the connection

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19
Q

proactive interference

A

occurs when prior learning disrupts recall of new information

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20
Q

recall

A

the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information

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21
Q

recognition

A

a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered

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22
Q

rehearsal

A

process to get a piece of information into memory through maintenance(continue to repeat) or elaboration(linking new info to familiar concepts)

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23
Q

retroactive interference

A

occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information

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24
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to remember things from the past

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25
Q

semantic memory

A

long-term memory of objective knowledge learned over many interactions

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26
Q

sensory memory

A

the perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain in an extremely short amount of time and is, most of the time, not consciously aware

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27
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on structure or appearance of a word

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28
Q

source amnesia

A

impaired memory for how, when, or where information was learned

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29
Q

state-dependent memory

A

learning that takes place in one situation or “state” is generally better remembered later if the situation or “state” is similar

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30
Q

transience

A

long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time (decay)

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31
Q

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

A

created the working memory model (encode incoming information/ access and retrieve information from long-term memory) and the Three-Stage Model of Memory(1. sensory memory, 2. working/short-term memory, 3. long-term memory)

32
Q

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

A

described the levels of processing (shallow-encoding on the structure or appearance of a word vs deep-encoding semantically based on the meaning of the word)

33
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

discovery of the forgetting curve(shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time – unless we take action to keep it there) and the spacing effect(the finding that long-term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time, rather than massed in immediate succession)

34
Q

patient H.M.

A

experienced massive seizures so doctors removed hippocampus and amygdala and as a result they lost the ability to form new memories, but had no problem retrieving old memories

35
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

trying to convince people that they met Bugs Bunny at Disneyland even though that is impossible/ constructed memory- a memory containing false details or an event that never happened/ car accident experiment- estimating speed when different verbs were used to describe the crash(misinformation effect-memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion)

36
Q

George Miller

A

suggested that the capacity of short-term memory can hold 7 +/-2 items at a time

37
Q

Persistence

A

memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind

38
Q

Bias

A

influence of personal beliefs attitudes, and experiences on memory(consistency bias)/ tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one’s expectations(expectancy bias)

39
Q

Suggestibility

A

memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

40
Q

Misattribution

A

a memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with wrong, time, place, or person

41
Q

Blocking

A

forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved

42
Q

Absent-mindedness

A

forgetting by lapses in attention (psuedoforgetting)

43
Q

rosy retrospection

A

remembering and/or exaggerating the positives from past events and minimizing negatives

44
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

humans have the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with their current mood, thus associating moods when encoding memories

45
Q

a constructed memory

A

a memory containing false details or an event that never happened

46
Q

Relearning

A

relearning information that has been previously learned

47
Q

Retention

A

the ability to remember information over a period of time

48
Q

Recency effect

A

enhanced memory for items, ideas, or arguments that came last and are therefore remembered more clearly than those that came first or in the middle

49
Q

Primacy effect

A

enhanced memory for items presented at the beginning of a list relative to items presented in the middle of the list

50
Q

Serial position effect

A

accounts for our tendency to recall best last items and first items in a list

51
Q

How retrieval cues aid in memory

A

when you encode into memory a target piece of information it is associated with other bits of information and the more connections, the better chance of finding a route to the suspended memory(surrounding, mood, smell, tastes, sights)

52
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning

53
Q

repression

A

purposeful blocking of information

54
Q

hippocampus

A

Explicit memories are stored in

55
Q

cerebellum, amygdala, and basal ganglia

A

Implicit memories are stored in

56
Q

flash-bulb memory

A

personal memories that are linked to emotions

57
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

strengthening of neural excitability along specific neural pathways related to memory

58
Q

Consolidation

A

process by which short-term memories are stored in long-term memory

59
Q

Engram

A

physical change to the brain resulting from memory

60
Q

schema

A

mental construct that allows us to relate new information to previous knowledge(clusters of related concepts/objects)

61
Q

the capacity of your long-term memory

A

Unlimited

62
Q

Acronym

A

an invented combination of letters. Each letter is a cue to an item you need to remember

63
Q

Rhyme

A

acoustic encoding, the processing of sounds and words for memory storage and later retrieval

64
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

linking new information to familiar concepts

65
Q

Maintenance

A

continued repitition

66
Q

Clustering

A

tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

67
Q

Chunking

A

organizing information into familiar concepts

68
Q

Baddeley’s working memory model

A

stimulation- sensory memory- working memory(central executive{sketchpad-where we manipulate images/ phonological loop-holds sounds})/storage and retrieval from- long-term memory

69
Q

Tactile

A

Touch

70
Q

Olfactory

A

Smell

71
Q

Gustatory

A

Taste

72
Q

Semantic encoding

A

the processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context

73
Q

Retrieval

A

involves the interaction between external sensory or internally generated cues and stored memory traces

74
Q

Parallel Processing

A

the ability to make sense of information from different parts of our brain at the same time

75
Q

Elaboration

A

making a connection between new information and old information

AP Psych CIHS (11 decks)

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