Human Development Flashcards
Infants form attachments to any individual who consistently and appropriately respond to their signals
Bowlby’s work on attachment
baby is upset but easily consoled
secure attachment
baby is inconsolable by the caregiver
anxious-ambivalent attachment
infant shows no care for the caregivers return
avoidant attachment
parents provide contact and if they do not fulfill your fundamental needs… insecurity and anxiety
Trust and mistrust (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
parents creating a restrictive environment…
self-doubt
Self-doubt and will (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
how does the caregiver respond to self-initiative activities
overprotective parents lead to guilt and a lack of self-worth
Initiative and guilt (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
competence/complete failure in social settings
inferiority, lack of self-confidence
Industry and inferiority (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
where am I going and who am I
sense of self as fragmented, shifting, and unclear
Identity and role confusion (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
love/ need vulnerability willingness to open yourself up to others
the feeling of loneliness separation, denial of intimacy needs
Intimacy and isolation (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
care/ good at job= communicate and be proud, a reflection of past experiences…
self-indulgent, lack future
Generativity and stagnation (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
how much have you accomplished in life
feelings of futility and disappointment
Ego-integrity and despair (Erikson’s psychosocial development)
child begins to develop object permanence, display inborn schemas of sucking, looking, and grasping, and experience stranger anxiety
Sensorimotor(0-2)(Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)
egocentrism/selfishness, animism/ belief that objects have feelings, centration/focus on one aspect of a situation
Preoperational(2-7)(Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)
conservation/ no matter a change in form the object holds the same properties, beginning of logical thinking, transformation or reversibility
Concrete operational(7-11)(Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)
capacity for abstract reason and hypothetical thinking, several solutions to problems, abstract principles, conceptual, frontal lobe activity increases
Formal operational(11+)(Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)
making subtle changes to include new items/adding new information to an existing schema with little effort
Assimilation
storing new information that conflicts with previous schemas/ altering schemas as a result of new information or experiences
Accommodation
the conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, and situations in one’s life
Schema
quality of being overly interested in oneself, at the expense of other people
Egocentrism
the belief that inanimate objects have human feelings and intentions
Animism
tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects
Centration
the zone of proximal development is the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance
ZPD
when students are given the support they need while learning something new, they stand a better chance of using that knowledge independently
Scaffolding
talking to themselves out loud during play starts accompanying their activity in a variety of cognitive tasks
Private/inner speech
strict standards, obedience stressed, punishment is the most common reinforcement, “because I said so”
Authoritarian
constant standards, reasons for rules explained, encourages independence within rules, praise, and punishment
Authoritative
no set guidelines, rules change and are inconsistent, no formal punishment
Permissive
Obedience and punishment oriented(worried about the punishment which is wrong)
Stage 1(Kohlberg’s stages of moral development)
Individualism and exchange(punishments are a risk, individuals are seeking favors, fair exchange policy)
Stage 2(Kohlberg’s stages of moral development)
Interpersonal relationships( “good boy/nice girl”, motives of each party, “right idea”, intentions were good, “greedy,selfish” or “ caring and loving”
Stage 3(Kohlberg’s stages of moral development)
Maintaining a social order( emphasis on obeying laws, respecting authority, and performing one’s duties so social order is maintained)
Stage 4(Kohlberg’s stages of moral development)
Social contract and individual rights(stress on basic rights and democratic procedures to change unfair laws, right to life)
Stage 5(Kohlberg’s stages of moral development)
Universal principles(look at problems through all eyes- clear concept of universal principles)
Stage 6(Kohlberg’s stages of moral development)
Kohlberg only tested on privileged white men and determined that women’s main moral development centers around caring for others whereas men care for their individual needs
Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s developmental theory
primary source of pleasure comes from food, establish normal, predictable feeding practices if not… smoking, nail-biting, chewing, obesity, dependency, talkativeness
1:Oral(Freud’s psychosexual development stages)
pleasure from pooping and demonstrating independence, anal rententive personality, toliet training and self-control or… messiness or excessive cleanliness, temper tantrums, cruelty, coldness and destructive
2:Anal(Freud’s psychosexual development stages)
discovers that genital stimulation is pleasurable, oedipal complex, castration anxiety, electra complex, penis envy… excessive masturabation, jealousy, desire for sexual conquests, problems with parents
3:Phallic(Freud’s psychosexual development stages)
libido is hidden, social contacts go beyond immediate family, learn modesty and shame or… preference for the company of the same sex and homosexuality(considered a disorder by Freud)
4:Latency(Freud’s psychosexual development stages)
the establishment of standard, mature, opposite-sex relationships, focus on their genitals, establishing new relationships with parents, and displacing energy into healthy activities or… strong psychological attachment to an unresolved conflict related to an erogenous zone that results in a later obsession in life
5:Genital Stage(Freud’s psychosexual development stages)
sexual attraction to their mother and hostility toward their father
Oedipal complex
erotic attraction to their father and hostility toward their mom
Electra complex
areas of the body that are maximally sensitive to pleasurable stimulation
Erogenous zones
researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time
Longitudinal research
a study in which subjects of different ages are compared at the same time
Cross-sectional research
how a child attributes his or herself to a gender
Gender typing
social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person’s sex
Gender roles
denial- refusal to accept facts, reality, and information relating to the situation
Stage 1(Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief)
Anger- anger with themselves or others close to them
Stage 2(Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief)
Bargaining- attempting to bargain with whatever God the person believes in
Stage 3(Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief)
Depression: sadness, regret, fear uncertainty, start of accepting reality
Stage 4(Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief)
Acceptance: emotional detachment and objectivity
Stage 5(Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Grief)
Fertilized eggs
zygotic stage
organ systems begin to form and develop
embryonic stage
from the beginning of the ninth week after fertilization to about 38 weeks after fertilization
fetal stage
the ability of a human fetus to survive outside the uterus
age of viability
agents such as viruses and drugs can damage an embryo or fetus
Teratogens
reduction of activity in both CNSs, prime the offspring to like alcohol and put them at risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder, risk for low birth weight, birth defects, fetal alcohol syndrome
Risks of alcohol consumption during prenatal development
latching and sucking
rooting reflex
girls first period
menarche
girls(bigger breasts and larger hips) boys(facial hair, deepend voices) both (pubic and armpit hair)
Secondary sex characteristics
reproductive organs and external genitalia
Primary sex characteristics
end of menstrual periods(50 yrs old)
Menopause
information processing skills that are more likely to decline
Fluid intelligence
application of accumulated knowledge that remains stable
Crystallized intelligence
