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HISTOPATHOLOGY > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

Render the different tissue constituents more visible, thru variation in colors, promoting easier optical differentiation and identification of the cell and tissue components

A

STAINING

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2
Q

Natural dye derived from the heartwood of a Mexican tree, Hematoxylin campechianum

A

Hematoxylin

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3
Q

Active coloring agent of hematoxylin

A

Hematein

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4
Q

Hematoxylin used for progressive staining

A

Alum Hematoxylin

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5
Q

Hematoxylin used for differential or regressive staining

A

Iron Hematoxylin

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6
Q

Hematoxylin utilized for the study of spermatogenesis

A

Copper Hematoxylln

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7
Q

Hematoxylin –[o]→ Hematin; karyosome: dark blue, nucleus: blue; cytoplasm: pink

A

RIPENING

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8
Q

Derived from an extract of the female Cochineal bug (Coccus cacti) –[alum]→ Carmine

A

Cochineal Dyes

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9
Q

Vegetable dye extracted from Lichens

A

Orcein

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10
Q

Elastic fiber, dermatological studies

A

Orcein

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11
Q

Color of Orcein + Ammonia and exposed to air

A

Blue or Violet color

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12
Q

Derived from benzene

A

Synthetic (Artificial) Dyes

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13
Q

Synthetic (Artificial) Dyes is also known as

A

Aniline dyes

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14
Q

Consists of a chromophore and an auxochrome attached to a hydrocarbon benzene ring

A

Dye

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15
Q

Substances capable of producing visible colors

A

Chromophores

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16
Q

Benzene compounds which contain chromophores are known as

A

Chromogens

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17
Q

Color imparted to the tissue by chromophores is permanent. True or False?

A

False; Not permanent

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18
Q

Substances with the property of forming salts with another compound, and ultimately retaining its color

A

Auxochrome

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19
Q

Coloring substance is found in the acid component

A

Acid Dyes

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20
Q

Coloring substance is found in the basic component

A

Basic Dyes

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21
Q

Formed by combining aq. solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially, usually soluble in alcohol but insoluble in water

A

Neutral Dyes

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22
Q

Using potassium alum; for regressive staining, MPS substances (e.g., cartilage, cement lines of bones) are stained intensely blue

A

Ehrlich’s hematoxylin

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23
Q

Using ammonium or potassium alum; for routine nuclear staining, in exfoliative cytology, and for staining sex chromosomes

A

Harris hematoxylin

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24
Q

Using ammonium alum; used in Celestine Blue Hemalum Method of nuclear staining

A

Cole’s hematoxylin
Mayer’s hematoxylin

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25
Q

Using ferric ammonium chloride (iron alum); for demonstrating muscle fibers and connective tissues

A

Weigert’s hematoxylin

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26
Q

Using ferric ammonium sulfate (iron alum); for demonstrating nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions e.g., chromatin, chromosomes, nucleoli, centrosomes, and mitochondria

A

Heidenhain’s hematoxylin

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27
Q

Used as counterstain after Hematoxylin and before Methylene Blue

A

Eosin

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28
Q

2 shades of Eosin

A

Eosin B—bluish
Eosin Y—most commonly used, yellowish

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29
Q

Nervous tissue, diagnosis of diphtheria

A

Methylene Blue

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30
Q

Metachromatic dye formed when Methylene Blue is heated; WBCs

A

Methylene Violet

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31
Q

Nissl’s granules or chromophiIic bodies

A

Toluidine Blue

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32
Q

Amyloid in frozen sections and platelets in blood

A

Crystal Violet

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33
Q

Counterstaining of epithelial sections

A

Aniline Blue

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34
Q

Acid-fast organisms, mitochondria

A

Basic Fuchsin

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35
Q

Masson Stain

A

Acid Fuchsin

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36
Q

Blood to differentiate WBC’s

A

Giemsa Stain

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37
Q

Staining of fixed sections

A

Celestine Blue

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38
Q

Stains chromatin green in the presence of an acid

A

Methyl Green

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39
Q

Contrast stain for Ascaris eggs and RBCs, and as a bacteriaI spore stain

A

Malachite Green

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40
Q

Contrast stain for Gram’s, acid-fast, and Papanicolau methods, and for staining Diphtheria organisms

A

Bismarck Brown

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41
Q

Intravital staining

A

Prussian Blue

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42
Q

Connective tissue

A

Picric Acid

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43
Q

Carmine stains

A

Best Carmine Solution: glycogen
Mucicarmine: mucin
Picrocarmine: neuropathoIogicaI studies
Azocarmine: connective tissues

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44
Q

Acidic subtances

A

Mayer’s Carmalum Solution

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45
Q

Amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes, and glycogen

46
Q

Elastic tissues, amyloid, and myelin

47
Q

Observing cell granules and vacuoles of phagocytic cells

A

Neutral Red

48
Q

Acid MPS

A

Alcian Blue

49
Q

Mitochondria during intravital staining

A

Janus Green B

50
Q

Neuroglia in frozen sections

A

Victoria Blue

51
Q

Substitute for carbol-fuchsin in acid-fast staining

A

Night Blue

52
Q

Demonstrate deposits of calcium salts and possible sites of phosphatase activities

A

Acridine Red 3b

53
Q

Discrimination between dead and living cells

A

Acridine Orange

54
Q

Color of RNA using Acridine Orange

55
Q

Color of DNA using Acridine Orange

56
Q

Hemoglobin

57
Q

Phospholipids

A

Sudan Black B and Oil Red-O

58
Q

Blood and glandular tissues

A

Rhodamine B

59
Q

Triglycerides and Neutral lipids (deep red)

A

Sudan IV /Scharlach R

60
Q

Fats (orange)

61
Q

Metallic impregnation

A

Gold Sublimate Solution

62
Q

Fats (stains black)

A

Osmium Tetroxide

63
Q

Spirochetes, reticulum, and other fibers

A

Silver Nitrate

64
Q

Demonstration of connective tissue; SIMPLEST method of differential staining of collagen

A

Van Gieson

65
Q

Histochemical stain. Demonstration of carbohydrates (GLYCOGEN)

A

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

66
Q

Calcium: BLACK

A

Von Kossa Silver Nitrate

67
Q

DNA

A

Feulgen’s stain

68
Q

Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin; muscles and bones; Astrocytes

A

Mallory’s (PTAH)

69
Q

(Gomori). Differential staining of pancreatic islets of Langerhan

A

Aldehyde Fuschin Stain

70
Q

Muscle

A

Lissamine Fast Red Tartrazine Method

71
Q

Warthin-Starry. Spirochetes

A

Levaditi’s method

72
Q

Melanin (Silver Modification): BLACK

A

Masson Fontana Technique

73
Q

Diagnostic for Bile pigments

A

Gmelin’s Test

74
Q

Hemosiderin (iron-containing pigment of hemoglobin)

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

75
Q

Neurons, Axons, Neurofibrils

A

Bielschowsky’s Technique

76
Q

Normal Myelin Sheaths

A

Weigert-Pal Technique

77
Q

Copper

A

Lindquist’s Modified Rhodamine

78
Q

Bacteria

A

Gram-Twort

79
Q

Helicobacter

A

Cresyl Violet Acetate

80
Q

Bacteria, Nocardia, Actinomyces

A

Brown and Brenn

81
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

82
Q

Hepatitis B Surface antigen

A

Orcein method

83
Q

Fungi

A

Grocott Methamine Silver

84
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Gordon and Sweet’s method

85
Q

CHIEF SOLVENTS USED FOR STAINS

A

DISTILLED WATER
ALCOHOL—ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol
ANILINE WATER
PHENOL—used in 0.5 to 5% aq. solution

86
Q

Process by which sections are stained with simple aqueous or alcoholic solutions of the dye

A

Direct Staining

87
Q

Substances which combine with the tissue and the stain forming a bridge or link to make staining reaction possible

88
Q

Substances that accelerate or hasten the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye

A

Accentuator

88
Q

Accentuator is essential to the chemical union of the tissue and the dye. True or False

A

False; Not essential

89
Q

Accentuator does not participate in the staining reaction. True or False?

89
Q

Process whereby tissue elements are stained by more than one stain in a definite sequence, and once the dye is taken up by the tissue, it is not decolorized

A

Progressive Staining

90
Q

Process whereby tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue

A

Regressive Staining

91
Q

SeIective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining

A

Differentiation (Decolorization)

92
Q

Process which differentiate tissue components by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself (metachromasia); tissue components combine with these dyes to form a different color from the surrounding tissue

A

Metachromatic Staining

93
Q

Application of a different stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated

A

Counterstaining

94
Q

Used to demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with general differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Microanatomical Staining

95
Q

Demonstrates minute specific structures found in the cytoplasm and nucleus without necessarily differentiating tissue structures in general

A

Cytoplasmic staining

95
Q

Demonstrates bacterial morphology; it is the background that is stained and not the organism;

A

Negative staining

96
Q

Example of negative stain

96
Q

Selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle

A

Vital Staining

96
Q

Done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body, producing specific coloration of certain cells

A

Intravital Staining

97
Q

Process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts which are thereby reduced by the tissue, producing an opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue or bacteria

A

Metallic Impregnation

98
Q

Staining living cells immediately after removal from the living body

A

Supravital Staining

99
Q

Paraffin wax is poorly permeable to most staining solutions and should be removed from the section prior to staining. True or False?

100
Q

If aqueous stain is to be used, alcohol is finally replaced with water, before actual staining of section is performed

A

“SECTIONS TO WATER“

101
Q

If alcoholic stain is to be used, there is no more need to replaced the alcohol with water after deparaffinization with xylene, section is subjected to decreasing grades of alcohol

A

“SECTIONS TO ALCOHOL”

102
Q

Tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye, producing coloration of the active tissue componen

A

Histological Staining

103
Q

ChemicaI constituents of tissues are demonstrated thru chemical reactions that permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance

A

Histochemical Staining

104
Q

Most common method utilized for microanatomical study of tissues

A

H&E Staining

105
Q

Recommended for connective tissues, fixed with osmium tetroxide

A

Phosphotungstic acid

106
Q

Best stain for electron microscopy

A

Uranyl acetate

107
Q

May be used as primary stain or as a secondary stain, following PTA or uranyl acetate

HISTOPATHOLOGY (16 decks)

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