FOR MTLE Flashcards
A fixative made up of mercuric chloride stock solution to which glacial acetic acid has been added just before use
Zenker’s fluid
Fixative for trichrome staining
Zenker’s fluid
The most rapid fixative
Carnoy’s fluid
Dezenkerization is the process used to remove excessive ___ fixatives
Mercury
Used to remove excess mercuric fixatives
Alcoholic Iodine/Langeron’s Iodine
Fixatives is considered as an excellent microanatomic agent for pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood-containing organs such as spleen and liver
Helly’s fluid
Glacial acetic acid solidifies at
17 C
10% formol saline preserves nucleoproteins. True or False?
False; CNS tissues, general post-mortem tissues
10% formol saline demonstrates fats and mercuric-containing substances. True or False?
False; mucin
10% formol saline preserves microanatomical and nuclear structures. True or False?
False’ microanatomical and cytoplasmic structures
It may be used both as a fixative and decalcifying agent
Chromic acid
The angle formed between the cutting edges, normally between 27 to 32 degree angle is called
Bevel angle
Used as both for clearing and dehydrating tissue samples
Dioxane and tetrahydrofuran
It is used for the removal of formalin pigments
Sectionize with water
Tap water—used to remove excess chromatin, formalin,
and osmic acid
Removal of Formalin Pigment
Kardasewitsch’s method
Lillie’s method
Picric acid
Tissue + Formalin + Precipitates
Paraformaldehyde
Most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative which is recommended for nuclear preparations?
Flemming’s solution
Paraffin sections are usually cut in the range of:
4-6 micra
Celloidin sections are usually cut in the range of:
> 8 micra
What fixative is recommended for renal tissues, fibrin, connective tissues and muscles
Mercuric chloride fixative
Most common fixative and tissue photography
Mercuric chloride fixative
What fresh tissue examination process is recommended for cytological studies
Smearing
Method used for diagnostic cytology
Fine Needle Aspirate Biopsy
It is the recommended for fixing chromosomes, lymph glands, and urgent biopsies
Carnoy’s fluid
Both decalcifier and tissue softener
Perenyi’s fluid
Composition of Perenyi’s fluid
Absolute alcohol (Ethanol)
1% Nitric acid
0.5% Chromic acid
Perenyi’s fluid component used to avoid tissue maceration
Absolute alcohol (Ethanol)
0.5% Chromic acid
Most expensive method/test but it the most ideal and most reliable method of determining the extent of decalcification
Radiological/X-RAYmethod
What type of microtome is used for cutting celloidin embedded sections?
Sliding using plane-wedge knife
Decalcifying agents that are nitric acid-based
Formol-Nitric acid
Perenyi’s fluid
Phloroglucin-Nitric acid
Decalcifying agent that permits good nuclear staining characteristics of tissue
TCA
What fixative is the most widely used in Electron Microscopy?
Glutaraldehyde
Alternative fixative used in Electron Microscopy
Osmic acid/Osmium tetroxide
Mercuric pigments from fixatives can be removed from tissues using
Alcoholic iodide
Used to wash out excess picric acid
50-70% alcohol
Removes melanin
Potassium permanganate and alcohol
In the chemical method of testing the extent of decalcification, this finding indicates incomplete decalcification process
Cloudiness
What is the purpose of post-decalcification of tissue
To neutralize the tissue
Calcium oxalate test: Based on turbidity
Clear: Complete decalcification
Cloudy: Incomplete decalcification
What method of tissue fixation is recommended for bacteriologic smears?
Heat Fixation
The “washed-out” appearance of cells with swelling of cytoplasm which eventually converts to a granular, homogenous mass is due to:
Autolysis
Dissolution of cell ruture of lysosome
Autolysis
What is the atmospheric temperature inside a cryostat?
-20 C
Tissues should not be more than 5 mm thick except for ___, with minimum squeezing and handling
Lung edema
Decalcifying agents is recommended for minute bone spicules?
Chromic acid
It is used in fixing brain tissues for the diagnosis of rabies
Acetone
It is used for intricate cutting work which often incorporates tight curves.
Fret saw/Jig saw/Hack saw
What fixative is useful for sputum since it coagulates mucus?
Gendre’s solution
This serves as a fixative and stain in Bouin’s solution
Picric acid
The temperature at which acid reagents are stored is a
18-30 C/RT
Decalcification is done after _____
Fixation
Used mainly as a fixative and a dehydrant?
Ethanol
Apparatus used to measure an exact volume of liquids
Graduated cylinder
Fixation may be done before ___ and after ___.
Decalcification; gross cutting of tissue section
Decalcifying agent recommended for pieces of teeth
Von Ebner’s solution
This tissue softener is used for fingernails
Lendrum’s fluid
It preserves myelin better than buffered formalin
Orth’s fluid
Dense bone tissue usually requires decalcification process up to ___ days
14
It is ideally used for preserving small bone fragments
Alcohol
It is the preferred clearing agent in urgent biopsies
Benzene
Alternative clearing agent in urgent biopsies
Xylene/Xylol
What excellent cytologic fixative is mainly recommended for tumor skin biopsies?
Heidenhain’s Susa solution
What is the usual fixation time and temperature using the Newcomer’s fluid?
12-18 hours at 3 C
Knife with backs
Biconcave
Plane-concave
Which of the following types of hone gives the best result?
Belgium Yellow
The concentration of hydrochloric acid used for routine decalcification is:
1-5% HCl
The concentration of hydrochloric acid used as tissue softener
1-2% HCl
Which clearing agent is associated with aplastic anemia?
Benzene
For embedding larged-sized tissues, this concentration of celloidin is to be used
8%
For embedding small-sized tissues, this concentration of celloidin is to be used
2%
For embedding medium-sized tissues, this concentration of celloidin is to be used
4%
The Tissue-Tek System is an example of this type of mold.
Plastic Embedding Mold
The chemical name given for cellosolve is:
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Who discovered the rotary microtome?
Minot
Which of the following microtomes is preferred for fluorescent antibody staining techniques?
Cryostat
Which of the following is used to cut any type of resin block for electron microscopy?
Glass knife
The purpose of post-decalcification is to:
Neutralize the tissue
What is the recommended ratio of decalcifying fluid to tissue volume?
20:1
Usual honing technique would normally require maximum ___ double strokes on each side of the knife
30
Using ice trays for embedding, the mold needs to be treated first with:
Glycerin
Excessive exposure to this clearing agent may be extremely toxic and causes damage to the bone
marrow
Benzene
Flemming’s fluid without glacial acetic acid is made up of:
Chromic acid and osmic acid
The clearing agent turns milky as soon as the tissue is placed in it due to:
Incomplete dehydration
In the Cryostat procedure, the microtome is housed in an electrically driven refrigerated chamber maintained at what temperature?
-20 °C
Sections that are cut from freezing type of microtome have an average thickness of:
10 – 15 micra
The angle formed between the cutting edges of a microtome knife is:
Bevel angle
This semi-synthetic wax is recommended for embedding of eyes.
Bioloid
Methyl salicylate/benzoate is a clearing agent used for:
Double embedding
Which blocking media is recommended for routine assays?
Leuckhart’s embedding mold
It is heavier and more stable than the rocking microtome
Rotary microtome
Which clearing agents is recommended for central nervous system tissues and cytological studies?
Cedarwood oil
It serves to prevent the growth of molds
Thymol/1% phenol
This is recommended for clearing embryos, insects and very delicate specimens
Aniline oil
What is other name given for cellosolve?
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether
Paraffin wax impregnation is very slow, allowing sections to be prepared within 48 hours. True or False?
False; Very rapid, 24 hours
Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (LVN) is soluble in equal concentration of ether and aniline. True or False?
False; ether and alcohol
It is used for both small and large paraffin embedded block
Rocking microtome
Knife used for cutting extremely hard and tough specimens embedded in paraffin blocks?
Plane-Wedge
It may be used in clearing tissues for embedding and mounting
Xylol
Chloroform
Dioxane
Cedarwood oil
Clearing and cleaning agents of microtome knives
Xylene and Toluene
Paraffin wax must be used only:
Twice
Compositions of Pearse solution.
40 parts Diethyl glycol
10 parts Formaldehyde
50 parts Distilled water
This was developed by Adams in1789
Sliding microtome
Sections may also be flattened and folded pleated sheets can be immerse in ___% alcohol.
50
What type of microtome is used for cutting both small and large paraffin embedded sections?
Cambridge
What is the usual type of microtome is used in fresh tissue examination?
Cold microtome
This type of microtome is used for fats and tissue constituents that may be damage by heat.
Freezing microtome
The most dangerous type of microtome is:
Sliding microtome
Paraffin processing is not recommended for fatty tissues. True or False?
True
The antibody class most frequently used in immunoflourescent and immunoenzyme staining is:
IgG
The color of RNA with Fluorescent staining using acridine orange is:
Red
With routine H & E method, what is the color of karyosome?
Dark blue
What is the name of the process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts and evaporation of mountant?
Ringing
The refractive index of the mountant should be as near as possible to that of the glass which is:
1.518
It is designed to mount water-miscible preparations directly from water in cases where the stain is decolorized with alcohol or xylene
Aqueous mounting media
Canada balsam can be made neutral or acid by adding excess amounts of:
Calcium carbonate
This agent does not produce shrinkage and damage of tissues/organs.
Citric acid
It is used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body
Supravital staining
It is a process where the specific tissue elements are demonstrated not by stains, but by colorless
solutions of metallic salts.
Metallic impregnation
In this staining technique, the tissue is first over-stained and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue.
Regressive staining
It is the process by which sections are stained with simple aqueous or alcoholic solutions of the dye
Direct staining
Tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence is termed as:
Progressive staining
It accelerates or hastens the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye.
Accentuator
This may be a substitute agent of benzene for urgent biopsies
Xylene
What is the color of tissues stained with Sudan III?
Orange
This cytoplasmic stain is used for counterstaining of epithelial sections
Aniline blue
It is a weakly basic dye used as a contrast stain for staining Ascaris ova and erythrocytes
Malachite green
Which of the following is an excellent stain for elastic fibers?
Orcein
This is best known as an indicator but may be utilized as a stain for axis cylinders of embryos
Congo red
It permits discrimination between dead and living cells
Acridine orange
Contrast stain for Gram’s technique, in Acid fast and Papanicolau staining
Bismarck brown
The stain commonly used for the detection of malaria-infected red blood cells is:
Giemsa
During intravital staining, this is used to demonstrate mitochondria
Janus Green B
The formation of an insoluble Hematin-Tissue lake is termed as:
Blueing
This acid dye can fix, differentiate or stain tissues all by itself.
Picric acid
Orcein is a vegetable extract which is normally colorless but when treated with ammonia and exposed to air produces ____ color
Blue or violet
This is an old histologic dye derived from an extract from a female bug
Cochineal dye
It is a substance which imparts the property of electrolytic dissociation, thereby altering the shade of the dye, giving it the property to form salts and ultimately retaining its color
Auxochrome
What is the most commonly used adhesive?
Mayer’s Egg albumin
The clearing agent turns milky as soon as the tissue is placed in it due to:
Incomplete dehydration
For manual sharpening, this gives the best sharpening of microtome knives.
Fine carborundum
What is the refractive index of Apathy’s medium?
1.520
It refers to the complete non-appearance of an organ
Agenesia
Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control is termed as
Neoplasia
This refers to the purplish discoloration of the skin after death
Livor mortis
The failure of an organ to form an opening is called:
Atresia
In staining methods, it means the attraction of small molecules by large molecules
Adsorption
Standard mounting medium
Glycerin jelly
What is the best vital dye?
Neutral red
It is used to stain Spirochete reticulum
10% silver nitrate
Sudan III is recommended stain for neutral lipids. True or False?
False; Fats
What method is used to locate the presence and position of mineral ions in tissues/organs?
Microincineration
Uses spodogram
Formaldehyde is a derivative of:
Methanol
Which of the following is considered to be the oldest histological stain?
Iodine
It is used for the demonstration of neuroglia in frozen tissue.
Victoria Blue
Gelatin adhesive should be:
Warm
Embedding mold is recommended for busy laboratories
Plastic ice trays
Resinous mounting medium is used for routine purposes. True or False?
True
Cells seen in vaginal smears is present after childbirth, abortion and menopausal stage and resembles like a fried-egg appearance of cells?
Parabasal cells
CEA positive
Adenocarcinoma
According to Broder’s grading of tumor, classify 27% undifferentiated cells present in the smear
II
I: 0-25%
II: 25-50%
III: 50-75%
IV: 75-100%
Durofix is a/an:
Cellulose adhesive
Which of the following smear preparation techniques is characterized when the cells may be examined without destroying their actual intercellular relationship?
Impression smear
These are cervico-vaginal cells that exhibit a round, oval or boat-shaped with translucent basophilic cytoplasm
Pregnancy cells
What is the best remedy for horizontal or parallel furrows across the tissue section?
Collodionize the tissue subsequently treats with phenol
It is used for fixing mitochondria and lipids
Potassium dichromate
Osmic acid can be dissolved in water at:
20 C
A general aqueous mountant used for methylene blue stained nerve preparation is:
Apathy’s
It may be used both as a fixative and decalcifying agent
Chromic acid
Most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative which is recommended for nuclear structureS
Flemming’s solution
This serves as a fixative and stain in Bouin’s solution.
Picric acid
The 90 degree angle is evident with:
Rake angle
Fluorochome staining procedure involves:
Secondary antibody labeled with fluorophore binds to primary antibody
What is the recommended ratio of fixative to tissue volume used in museum?
> 50:1
DAB
3,3’-Diaminobenzidine
DAB (3,3’-Diaminobenzidine) can be used as a signal enhancer in conjunction with:
HRP
ssue Sectioning is used to prevent dislocation of the sample from object mount due to:
High pressure
Formaldehyde fixation generates methylene bridges which:
Cross links proteins
Color produced by Fast Red TR Salt Fast Red?
Rose red
Not used for polyclonal antibody detection
Goat
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) is subjected in:
Diagnostic cytology
Nuclear Counterstaining is primarily utilized for:
Visualization of cellular components of the cells
Most widely used for transparentizing?
Xylene
This counterstain will change the nucleus to red after applying to the tissue section for 2 to 5
minutes
Nuclear fast red
Fast Red TR Salt Fast Red
Based upon the melting point of wax, immersion should be performed normally at:
45-65 C
For tissue transparency, this agent is commonly used for skin and smooth muscles derived
tissues
Cedarwood oil
Clearing time of C. Cedarwood oil
5-6 days
It is widely used in histology and pathology sections for embryo analysis
Bouin’s fluid
It produces clear exact antigen location and cellular structures
Paraffin
Cold acetone can be prepared in this temperature
-5 to 4 C
To avoid excessive tissue blocking in immunohistochemistry, the preparation temperature and timeframe required is:
Room temperature for 10-30 minutes
This type of mountant is directly taken from water
Aqueous
Monoclonal antibody detection is consistent with:
During transplantation
It is generally done by precisely arranging the tissue onto the mold/medium
Blocking/Casting
Celloidin embedded sections are cut within a size of ___ micra
.>8
Water present in the wax must be removed by heating the wax at:
100 C
In manual processing, at least 4 changes of wax are required at 15 minutes interval. The specimen is then immersed in another fresh solution of melted paraffin for approximately ___ hours to ensure complete embedding
3 hours
- Optimum temperature for decalcification
18-30 C
It is an excellent fixative for preserving soft and delicate structures such as endometrial curretings
Bouin’s solution
In Bouin fixative, the swelling effect produced by one component can be balanced by the shrinking effect of
Picric acid
The knife is usually tilted at _____ angle on a microtome to allow a clearance angle between the cutting facet and the tissue block
0-15 degrees
Processes done by the automatic tissue processoR
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration
This technique is characterized by in situ dissection, in part combined with en bloc removal:
Technique of C. Rokitansky
Organs are removed one by one. This method has been used most widely, often with some modifications
Technique of R. Virchow
Rigor mortis occurs about ______ hours after death and persisting for ______ days
6 to 12 hours, 3 to 4 days
For electron microscopy, tissues should be fixed for ___ hours, then placed in a holding buffer.
3
Recommended knife for cutting paraffin embedded sections on a rotary microtome
Biconcave knife
Water bath temperature is about _____°C below the melting point of the paraffin wax
10°C
If laboratory temperature is 15–18°C, the melting point of wax should be between _________
50-54 C
Excess copper deposition can often be demonstrated by
Rhodamine stain
The rocking microtome was introduced by:
Paldwell Trefall
Temperature of paraffin wax oven
55-60 C
Most commonly used fixative for amino acid histochemistry
Neutral buffered formol saline
It is added as preservative to formaldehyde to prevent its decomposition to formic acid or precipitation to paraformaldehyde
Methanol
A process whereby small pieces of tissue are placed in a microscopic slide and forcibly compressed with another slide or with a cover glass
Squash preparation (Crushing)
A method of smear preparation whereby the surface of a freshly cut piece of tissue is brought into contact and pressed on to the surface of a clean glass slide. It has an added advantage in that the cells may be examined without destroying their intercellular relationship.
Touch preparation (Impression smear)
Air holes found in tissue during trimming is
Incomplete impregnation
Concentrated solutions must never be neutralized since this might precipitate violent explosions
Formaldehyde
Van Gieson’s Stain is the simplest method of differential staining of collagen and other connective tissue that uses a mixture of:
Picric acid and acid fuchsin
This is the most sensitive fat stain that can stain both phospholipids and neutral fats. It has a greater affinity to phospholipids and gives triglycerides blue-black color
Sudan black B
Stain for neurons, axons, neurofibrils
Bielchowsky’s technique
The use of mercuric chloride as fixative may lead to the formation of ___________colored deposits
Silver
Mercuric deposits may be removed by immersing tissues in alcoholic iodine prior to staining, through a process known as
Dezenkerization
It is the best fixative for tissues containing iron pigments
10% neutral buffered formalin
The volume of the impregnating medium should be at least _____ the volume of the tissue
25x
A brown, iron free pigment found in association with infarcts and in areas of hemorrhage and thrombosis
Hematoidin
The most ideal, most sensitive and most reliable method of determining extent of decalcification due to its ability to detect even the smallest focus of calcium
X-ray test
It is used to stain for elastic fibers, especially in dermatology due to demonstration of the finest and most delicate fibers found in the skin
Orcein
Which of the following changes is expected in the bronchial epithelium of chronic heavy cigarette smoker?
Metaplasia
What remedy is applicable when a hole is formed in the tissue section due to bubbles or dirt in the embedding medium?
Re-embed in freshly filtered wax
A nuclear stain for fixed tissues, used as substitute for thionine in fresh frozen tissue sections. It is recommended for staining of Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies:
Toluidine blue
The breakdown of tissue by bacterial action is called:
Putrefaction
Thin sections for electron microscopy are stained with:
Uranyl acetate and lead citrate
A basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells, giving green fluorescence to DNA and red fluorescence for RNA:
Acridine orange
What type of clearing agent is recommended for urgent biopsies?
Benzene
Decalcification should be done after ________ and before ____________, to ensure and facilitate the normal cutting of sections and to prevent obscuring the microanatomic detail of such sections by bone dust and other cellular debris
Fixation/Impregnation
The purpose of floating out bath for tissue ribbon is:
To flatten
Common stains used for Pap’s Smear:
EA 50
OG 6
Harris hematoxylin
It is an immunohistochemical method that is good for blood and bone marrow smears
Phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase complex
Cardinal sign of inflammation due to pressure upon sensory nerve by the exudate or tumor
Dolor
Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ represented only by fatty or fibrous tissue, bearing no resemblance to the adult structure
Aplasia
Benign tumors arising from epithelial surfaces are called
Polyps
t is most commonly encountered in the brain; also, in all tissues in bacterial infections which lead to the formation of pus; probably due to the release of proteolytic enzymes, causing hydrolysis of the damaged cells
Liquefaction necrosis
It indicates the segmentation and fragmentation of the nucleus, whereby nuclear contents are broken up and release into the cytoplasm
Karyorrhexis
Bluing agents
Scotts tap water
Ammonia water
Lithium carbonate
What type of gloves is the most preferred in the histopathologic laboratory?
Nitrile
What is the ideal transport medium for body cavity effusions?
Clean, non-sterile dry container
Does NOT influence the rate of tissue processing?
Light
What does GMP stand for?
Good Manufacturing Practice
The process of dehydration should be done ________
Slowly
What is the best dehydrant used for electron microscopy specimens?
Ethanol
As a counterstain, what color does acid fuchsin produce?
Red
Automated tissue processors mechanically raises and lowers the tissue into the reagent containers
Carousel type
What part of the microtome can be semi-automated or fully automated?
Hand-wheel
Inhibits hematoxylin
Osmic acid
This is a technique for identifying cellular or tissue constituents by means of antigen- antibody interactions
Immunohistochemistry
Amyloid deposits when stained with Congo Red yield _________ positive results.
Green
Used for transport of fresh unfixed tissues such as renal, skin and oral mucosa biopsies
Michel’s solution
What is the most ideal fixative for the specific demonstration of uric acid?
95% ethano
What is the most probable cause of when tissue appearing opaque is difficult to cut in the presence of alcohol?
Insufficient clearing
What is the most common cause of tissue blocks appearing brittle and hard?
Prolonged fixation
What is the most common cause of shrinkage and swelling of cells and tissue structure?
Overfixation
What could be a probable cause of poor cutting of hard tissues and damage to the knife edge during sectioning?
Inadequate decalcification
The most widely used label for immunohistochemistry is
Horseradish peroxidase
The simplest, most common and best embedding medium used for routine tissue processing
Paraffin
How do you troubleshoot tissue shrinks away from wax when trimmed?
Repeat the whole procedure
What is the first and most important step in any EM study?
Fixation
Which of the following is the most commonly used to remove ethanol in the preparation of biological samples for electron microscopy?
Propylene oxide
Staining is used for frozen biopsies
Progressive H and E
Useful stain for encapsulated fungi
Mucicarmine
Fixative of choice for lipid histochemistry
Formol-calcium
A specialized surgical procedure used to determine the cause and manner of death
Autopsy
A stain for Cystine and Cysteine
Acid-Alcian Blue
The most widely used fluorochrome in the fluorescent staining for DNA and RNA is:
Acridine Orange
Which of the following is the most widely used fluorochrome?
Fluorescein
A definitive and the most sensitive technique for identifying DNA is?
in-situ hybridization
hIghly sensitive marker for epithelial cells, and is present in epithelial tumors
Keratin
frequently used as a control for the Fontana Masson stain
Skin
The best screening marker for lymphoma is
CD 45
Refers to a section that is known and proven to contain the antigen in question
Positive control
Indirect method for identifying calcium in tissue
Von Kossa
Demonstrates hematoidin pigment
Hall’s
n immunohistochemistry, the optimal incubation time for most primary antibodies is ______ minutes at room temperature
20-30
Which of the following types of microscope can be used for immunohistochemistry
Fluorescent
Electron
Light
When assessing HER2 staining, a “faint barely perceptible membrane staining in more than 10% of tumor cells” is interpreted as:
1+
When staining with diaminobenzidine, what is the color?
Tan
Most important step in regressive hematoxylin staining
Differentiation in acid alcohol
The primary material found in the teeth is
Calcite
Microtome knives used for PARAFFIN sectioning are usually made of _____ steel
Carbon
Which of the following is the material recommended for benchtop
Ceramic
All patient slides and samples should be labeled with___
Patient name and accession number
