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HISTOPATHOLOGY > EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY > Flashcards

EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of General Cytology which deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces

A

Exfoliative cytology

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2
Q

Spontaneously shed or physically removed from epithelial and mucous membranes

A

Exfoliated cells

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3
Q

Smear preparations

A

Spreading
Streaking
Pull-apart
Touch preparations

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4
Q

Slide is fixed unto a horizontal tube filled with the test fluid, as the centrifuge spins, the fluid is pushed against the slide, coating the slide with a monolayer of cells

A

Cytospin

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5
Q

Fluid is centrifuged, decanted, button is transferred unto piece of filter paper and processed like tissue

A

Cell block

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6
Q

What should be done if smears cannot be made immediately

A

Collected material should be placed in alcohol, and refrigerated

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7
Q

How to fix viscid secretions?

A

Should be fixed in Ether Alcohol solution immediately

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8
Q

How to fix specimens with excessive mucus?

A

Allowed to dry at the edges before fixing

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9
Q

How to fix specimens with excessive blood?

A

RBC’s should be hemolyzed before fixing by adding 2 to 5 ml glacial HAc/100 ml

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10
Q

Fixation time of cytologic smears

A

Minimum of 1 hour

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11
Q

Best fixative for cytology

A

Equal parts of 95% ethyl alcohol and ether

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12
Q

Most common fixative for cytology

A

95% ethyl alcohol

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13
Q

Ideal specimen for sputum smears

A

Fresh, unfixed, early morning sputum comprising of a “deep cough” specimen should be collected every day for 5 days, into a wide- mouth bottle containing the fixative

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14
Q

Number of epithelial cells and neutrophils in acceptable sputum sample

A

Epithelial cells should be <10/LPO and neutrophils >25/LPO

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15
Q

Sputum exam is more commonly performed than bronchial aspiration. True or False?

A

True

Sputum demonstrates abnormal cells early in the disease, while bronchial secretions show evidences of malignancy late in the disease

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16
Q

For gastric secretions and aspirates. Patient should have fasted for

A

At least 8 hours

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17
Q

Urine sample for males

A

Voided urine

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18
Q

Recommended urine sample for females

A

Catheterized specimen

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19
Q

How to examine urine for a more reliable cytological evaluation?

A

Examined 2x, one early morning urine and one later in the day

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20
Q

Originally indicated for vaginal smears to detect human uterine and cervical cancers

A

Papanicolau Method (Pap’s Smear)

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21
Q

Stains for Pap’s smear

A

Harris Hematoxylin
OG 6
EA 50

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22
Q

Modified Papanicolau Staining Method

A

More distinct color differentiation between eosinophilic and orangeophilic cytoplasmic stain by omitting Bismarck Brown dye from the EA 50 formula

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23
Q

LPO examination

A

Assess the quality of smear and staining

Detect the presence of RBC’s and WBC’s, type of exfoliated cells

Rough assessment of the proportion of mature superficial pyknotic acidophilic cells

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24
Q

HPO examination

A

Quantitative evaluation of the smear

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25
Q

Dark pyknotic nuclei, <6 u in diameter

True acidophilia under estrogen influence

A

Mature Superficial Cells

26
Q

Drying of the smears especially before fixation, prolapse and drying of the vaginal epithelium, infection and chemicals

A

Pseudoacidophilia

27
Q

Medium-sized polyhedral or elongated cells with basophilic cytoplasm showing vacuoles

A

Intermediate Cells

28
Q

Boat-shaped with strong tendency to fold or curl on edges

A

Navicular cell

29
Q

Formation of Navicular cell is due to

A

Combined estrogen-progesterone effect

30
Q

Navicular cells are found in during

A

Latter half of the menstrual cycle, during pregnancy and early menopause

31
Q

Thick, round to oval, smaller than intermediate cells with strongly basophilic cytoplasm and a larger vesicular nucleus

A

Parabasal cells

32
Q

Parabasal cells are found during

A

2 weeks of age to puberty, after childbirth, abortions, and late menopause

33
Q

Similar in appearance to parabasal cells, slightly cylindrical with less basophilic cytoplasm, occurring in groups of 3 or more cells

A

Endometrial cells

34
Q

Endometrial cells are found in

A

During and I to 4 days after menstruation

35
Q

Small, round to slightly oval cells with relatively large nuclei, occupying more than half of the cell volume, and strongly basophilic cytoplasm

A

Basal cells

36
Q

Basal cells are found in

A

Before puberty and after menopause

37
Q

Gram positive, slender rod-shaped microorganisms commonly found in a normal vaginal flora

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

38
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus are most numerous in

A

Corpus luteum phase and during pregnancy

39
Q

Mucus, on drying exhibits a “fern” or palm-leaf pattern (arborization)

A

Ferning

40
Q

Presence of ferning signifies

A

A high persistent estrogen effect in the absence of progesterone

Formation of salt crystals in high NaCI concentration in cervical mucus under the influence of estrogen, inhibited by progesterone

41
Q

Percentage of cells from the main layers of vaginal epithelium

A

Maturation index

42
Q

Percentage of cells staining pink-orange to red with Pap’s smear

A

Acidophilic index

Not a reliable index due to possible psuedoacidophilia

43
Q

Percentage of cells with shrunken, dark, small structureless nuclei

A

Pyknotic index

44
Q

Autonomous uncontrolled growth of new cells continuously proliferating without any cause or purpose, lacking any orderly structural arrangement, and producing no beneficial effect on the body

A

Tumor or Neoplasia

45
Q

2 main groups of Tumor or Neoplasia

A

Benign
Malignant

46
Q

Absence of atypical or abnormal cells

A

Class I

47
Q

Atypical cytologic picture but no evidence of malignancy

A

Class II

48
Q

Cytologic picture suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy

A

Class III

49
Q

Cytologic picture strongly suggestive of malignancy

A

Class IV

50
Q

Cytologic picture conclusive of malignancy

A

Class V

51
Q

Dense, dark-staining spot or dot of sex chromatin about 1µ in dia on the inner aspect of the nuclear membrane of each somatic cell in the human female

A

Barr bodies

52
Q

Appearance of Barr bodies in PMNs

A

Drumstick appearance

53
Q

Segment of one of the two X chromatin or formed by the fusion of the two X chromatins

A

Sex chromatin

54
Q

Rapid and differential stain for cytology

A

Polychrome staining method

55
Q

Simple and rapid with clarity of morphologic cellular details

A

Cresyl Violet method

56
Q

Binds nucleic acids DNA and RNA, and when irradiated by UV light in fluorescence microscopy

A

Acridine Orange Flourescence Technique

57
Q

Best microscope for routine cytologic examination

A

Florescence microscope

58
Q

RNA in cytoplasm and nucleus stains

A

Brick to orange-red

59
Q

DNA stains

A

Green and yellow

60
Q

Second best choice for routine cytologic examination, with greater possibility for immediate microscopic examination

A

Phase Contrast Microscopy

61
Q

Used for hormonal evaluation of gynecologic specimen and for cancer detection

A

Phase Contrast Microscopy

62
Q

Determines the dry weight of individual cells or cellular constituents, cancer cell nucleus and cytoplasmic dry weight content less than that of normal cells

A

Interference Microscopy

HISTOPATHOLOGY (16 decks)

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