EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

Question 1

Branch of General Cytology which deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces

Answer 1

Exfoliative cytology

Question 2

Spontaneously shed or physically removed from epithelial and mucous membranes

Answer 2

Exfoliated cells

Question 3

Smear preparations

Answer 3

Spreading
Streaking
Pull-apart
Touch preparations

Question 4

Slide is fixed unto a horizontal tube filled with the test fluid, as the centrifuge spins, the fluid is pushed against the slide, coating the slide with a monolayer of cells

Answer 4

Cytospin

Question 5

Fluid is centrifuged, decanted, button is transferred unto piece of filter paper and processed like tissue

Answer 5

Cell block

Question 6

What should be done if smears cannot be made immediately

Answer 6

Collected material should be placed in alcohol, and refrigerated

Question 7

How to fix viscid secretions?

Answer 7

Should be fixed in Ether Alcohol solution immediately

Question 8

How to fix specimens with excessive mucus?

Answer 8

Allowed to dry at the edges before fixing

Question 9

How to fix specimens with excessive blood?

Answer 9

RBC’s should be hemolyzed before fixing by adding 2 to 5 ml glacial HAc/100 ml

Question 10

Fixation time of cytologic smears

Answer 10

Minimum of 1 hour

Question 11

Best fixative for cytology

Answer 11

Equal parts of 95% ethyl alcohol and ether

Question 12

Most common fixative for cytology

Answer 12

95% ethyl alcohol

Question 13

Ideal specimen for sputum smears

Answer 13

Fresh, unfixed, early morning sputum comprising of a “deep cough” specimen should be collected every day for 5 days, into a wide- mouth bottle containing the fixative

Question 14

Number of epithelial cells and neutrophils in acceptable sputum sample

Answer 14

Epithelial cells should be <10/LPO and neutrophils >25/LPO

Question 15

Sputum exam is more commonly performed than bronchial aspiration. True or False?

Answer 15

True

Sputum demonstrates abnormal cells early in the disease, while bronchial secretions show evidences of malignancy late in the disease

Question 16

For gastric secretions and aspirates. Patient should have fasted for

Answer 16

At least 8 hours

Question 17

Urine sample for males

Answer 17

Voided urine

Question 18

Recommended urine sample for females

Answer 18

Catheterized specimen

Question 19

How to examine urine for a more reliable cytological evaluation?

Answer 19

Examined 2x, one early morning urine and one later in the day

Question 20

Originally indicated for vaginal smears to detect human uterine and cervical cancers

Answer 20

Papanicolau Method (Pap’s Smear)

Question 21

Stains for Pap’s smear

Answer 21

Harris Hematoxylin
OG 6
EA 50

Question 22

Modified Papanicolau Staining Method

Answer 22

More distinct color differentiation between eosinophilic and orangeophilic cytoplasmic stain by omitting Bismarck Brown dye from the EA 50 formula

Question 23

LPO examination

Answer 23

Assess the quality of smear and staining

Detect the presence of RBC’s and WBC’s, type of exfoliated cells

Rough assessment of the proportion of mature superficial pyknotic acidophilic cells

Question 24

HPO examination

Answer 24

Quantitative evaluation of the smear

Question 25

Dark pyknotic nuclei, <6 u in diameter True acidophilia under estrogen influence

Answer 25

Mature Superficial Cells

Question 26

Drying of the smears especially before fixation, prolapse and drying of the vaginal epithelium, infection and chemicals

Answer 26

Pseudoacidophilia

Question 27

Medium-sized polyhedral or elongated cells with basophilic cytoplasm showing vacuoles

Answer 27

Intermediate Cells

Question 28

Boat-shaped with strong tendency to fold or curl on edges

Answer 28

Navicular cell

Question 29

Formation of Navicular cell is due to

Answer 29

Combined estrogen-progesterone effect

Question 30

Navicular cells are found in during

Answer 30

Latter half of the menstrual cycle, during pregnancy and early menopause

Question 31

Thick, round to oval, smaller than intermediate cells with strongly basophilic cytoplasm and a larger vesicular nucleus

Answer 31

Parabasal cells

Question 32

Parabasal cells are found during

Answer 32

2 weeks of age to puberty, after childbirth, abortions, and late menopause

Question 33

Similar in appearance to parabasal cells, slightly cylindrical with less basophilic cytoplasm, occurring in groups of 3 or more cells

Answer 33

Endometrial cells

Question 34

Endometrial cells are found in

Answer 34

During and I to 4 days after menstruation

Question 35

Small, round to slightly oval cells with relatively large nuclei, occupying more than half of the cell volume, and strongly basophilic cytoplasm

Answer 35

Basal cells

Question 36

Basal cells are found in

Answer 36

Before puberty and after menopause

Question 37

Gram positive, slender rod-shaped microorganisms commonly found in a normal vaginal flora

Answer 37

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Question 38

Lactobacillus acidophilus are most numerous in

Answer 38

Corpus luteum phase and during pregnancy

Question 39

Mucus, on drying exhibits a "fern" or palm-leaf pattern (arborization)

Answer 39

Ferning

Question 40

Presence of ferning signifies

Answer 40

A high persistent estrogen effect in the absence of progesterone Formation of salt crystals in high NaCI concentration in cervical mucus under the influence of estrogen, inhibited by progesterone

Question 41

Percentage of cells from the main layers of vaginal epithelium

Answer 41

Maturation index

Question 42

Percentage of cells staining pink-orange to red with Pap's smear

Answer 42

Acidophilic index Not a reliable index due to possible psuedoacidophilia

Question 43

Percentage of cells with shrunken, dark, small structureless nuclei

Answer 43

Pyknotic index

Question 44

Autonomous uncontrolled growth of new cells continuously proliferating without any cause or purpose, lacking any orderly structural arrangement, and producing no beneficial effect on the body

Answer 44

Tumor or Neoplasia

Question 45

2 main groups of Tumor or Neoplasia

Answer 45

Benign Malignant

Question 46

Absence of atypical or abnormal cells

Answer 46

Class I

Question 47

Atypical cytologic picture but no evidence of malignancy

Answer 47

Class II

Question 48

Cytologic picture suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy

Answer 48

Class III

Question 49

Cytologic picture strongly suggestive of malignancy

Answer 49

Class IV

Question 50

Cytologic picture conclusive of malignancy

Answer 50

Class V

Question 51

Dense, dark-staining spot or dot of sex chromatin about 1µ in dia on the inner aspect of the nuclear membrane of each somatic cell in the human female

Answer 51

Barr bodies

Question 52

Appearance of Barr bodies in PMNs

Answer 52

Drumstick appearance

Question 53

Segment of one of the two X chromatin or formed by the fusion of the two X chromatins

Answer 53

Sex chromatin

Question 54

Rapid and differential stain for cytology

Answer 54

Polychrome staining method

Question 55

Simple and rapid with clarity of morphologic cellular details

Answer 55

Cresyl Violet method

Question 56

Binds nucleic acids DNA and RNA, and when irradiated by UV light in fluorescence microscopy

Answer 56

Acridine Orange Flourescence Technique

Question 57

Best microscope for routine cytologic examination

Answer 57

Florescence microscope

Question 58

RNA in cytoplasm and nucleus stains

Answer 58

Brick to orange-red

Question 59

DNA stains

Answer 59

Green and yellow

Question 60

Second best choice for routine cytologic examination, with greater possibility for immediate microscopic examination

Answer 60

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Question 61

Used for hormonal evaluation of gynecologic specimen and for cancer detection

Answer 61

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Question 62

Determines the dry weight of individual cells or cellular constituents, cancer cell nucleus and cytoplasmic dry weight content less than that of normal cells

Answer 62

Interference Microscopy