Stage 1- Social Psychology- Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is an attitude?
A learned predisposition to respond- can be situational/consistent/enduring
How are attitudes influenced by genetics?
Inherit genes of our parents e.g. infants temperament - some are genetically more sensitive to the environment, crying and smiling are inherited as general dispositions
How do social factors influence attitudes?
We compare ourselves to others, attitudes may be influenced by the people we respect
What is the golden triad?
Affect, Cognition and behaviour
How they all connect- not always a predictor e.g. people are aware of sun dangers but still choose to expose themselves
La Piere 1934?
Restaurant study- Owners would surveyed about their attitudes regarding chinese immigrants- had a negative attitude yet still served them courteously
What is the behavioural process model\?
Fazio
Event—-> Attitude e.g. perception of event/social norms—–> behaviour
Attitudes are sponetaneous
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
Links beliefs to behaviour
Attitude/Subjective norm/Perceived behaviour control—> intention—–> behaviour
Intentions are a function of attitudes towards behaviour, SN, PBC
Early research:changing people’s attitudes?
Source- who communicates it
Message- what did they say
Audience- who was listening
Elaboration likelihood model?
Two routes when information is processed- spontaneous and analytical - dependent on route as to whether persuasion is successful
What is peripheral route?
Message is not important or interesting- heuristic processing - non verbal cues are important and argument strength is unimportant - example coca cola
What is central route?
Message is important- systematic processing- non verbal cues unimportant but argument strength is important e.g. smoking ads - induce negative feelings to make people think
When attempting to change people’s attitudes what is the best choice?
Soft approach- when you have a skeptical audience use both sides of argument to side more convincing
How does fear help persuade?
Dube 2012- Humour and fear= no defensive responses and increased persuasion
Fear alone= not persuasive
Systematic processing?
Motivated to find correct answer- involves correct cognitive capactity
Heuristic processing?
Unmotivated- lack ability to process complex information
What is impression formation?
How we form initial impressions towards individuals and the extent to how likely these are to change
What are impressions heavily weighted by?
High competencies
Unusual and immoral actions
Asch paradigm involving impressions?
Looked at influence of adjectives on impressions
Intelligent/Warm= positive
Intelligent/ Cold = negative
How can we form an attitude?
Social learning- from others Classical conditioning- learning based on association Operant- learn to hold the right views Subliminal- without awareness Observational- watching
Configural model?
Cold and warm traits have strong effects on impressions as these are classified as central traits
Other traits e.g. polite / blunt did not have the same influence
Anderson?
Looked at Asch configural model and provided algebraic model of how positive or negative a word or word combinations were
Problems with Asch/ Anderson?
Neither take into account motives/goals/needs of perceiver
Social cognition as either data/theory driven is limited
Studies are artificial
Both are likely to influence rather than one individual theory
What are schemas used for?
They are implications for how we perceive and understand new information
Hamilton?
Subjects asked to memorise a group of traits or form an impression based on traits- later given surprise recall test
Impression formation subjects remembered significantly more
Darley and Gross?
Two stages in expectancy-confirmation process
if we are unsure about a judgement based on a category we proceed with caution
if we have more info- e.g. we have observed something, we adapt the evidence to fit our initial category based assessment
What is the mere exposure effect?
The more you see or hear something the more you tend to like it
Examples of mere exposure effect?
Seeing adverts
English tend to like letter E- more common letter
Mita et al?
We prefer our mirror image over our actual image while friends prefer actual image
Cross et al>
Rats listened to Mozart for 12 hours a day- rats placed on quiet side of box would move to music side
Dutton and Aron?
Fear arousal can lead to romantic arousal
Female experimenter approached males as they walked down a bridge- when shown a photo of woman they were asked to produce a dramatic scene- stories were scored for sexual content
Those males on a more dangerous bridge wrote steamier stories and were more likely to call experimenter after experiment when given her number
What is the imitation effect?
Infants as young as 18 months old will like you more if you imitate them
Chartrand and Bargh
Those who exhibited mimicking of foot and hand tapping behaviour were perceived as more likeable and trustworthy- participants didn’t even have to be aware of mimicking
Holland?
Waitresses who mimick customers are more likely to receive higher tips
How is similarity a strong influencer in relationships?
Couples who are more similar are more likely to have longer relationships
Strongest type of similarity was for physical health and attractiveness
Zajonc?
Blind judges able to match couples in long term relationships based on individual photos
What are the three types of love?
Companion= friend Compassion= parental romantic= lovers/passionate
Don’ts for relationships?
Do not be critical
DO NOT SHOW CONTEMPT
DO NOT BE SUSPICIOUS
Do’s for relationships?
SHARE SUCCESS
FUN
LOOK ON BRIGHT SIDE
Romantic love?
Causes changes in brain chemistry- increases dopamine
Is fleeting- turns deeper and more intimate
What factors influence longer relations?
Taking into account partners perspective
FUN
Investment
Attachment types
