Stage 1- Lecture 3- Developmental

Question 1

What is exploratory behaviour?

Answer 1

Infants learn the relationship between their actions are properties of the environment?

Question 2

When do infants acquire depth perception?

Answer 2

At 6 months

Question 3

At two months what 2 things provide infants with depth information?

Answer 3

Accomodation- lens in eye changes shape to focus on different details
Converge- Initial two images produced by eye merge into one
Both provide info about close up data

Question 4

When was the Visual Cliff experiment?

Answer 4

1960= earliest study of depth perception

Question 5

What did Visual cliff experiment conclude?

Answer 5

That infants of a crawling age were reluctant to crawl on deep side but happy to crawl on shallow side- depth perception was therefore innate

Question 6

Campos 1970?

Answer 6

Measured heart rate of infants at 2 months old on visual cliff- decrease in heart rate found- highlights that infants were interested in cliff rather than afraid

Question 7

Schwartz et al 1973?

Answer 7

Measured heart rate, 5-9 month infants, 5 months= decrease, 9 months= increase , depth perception is associated with the ability to move

Question 8

What is the importance of cue with depth perception?

Answer 8

Information on foreground, background, height and distance all contribute to ones knowledge on depth perception

Question 9

Haith 1983?

Answer 9

Newborns direct eyes to moving stimulus as they prefer moving objects to non moving objects

Question 10

Importance of binocular vision?

Answer 10

Ability to perceive the world using both eyes- 2/3 months

Question 11

How do we progress from basic motor skills to more complex ones?

Answer 11

Not all infants follow the same sequence, some creep before they crawl- some skip this stage

Question 12

How do motor skills affect social relationships?

Answer 12

Communication aid- reaching and pointing

Babies delight as they work on new motor competencies - triggers pleasurable reaction/reinforcement

Question 13

Example of motor milestones?

Answer 13

1 month= chin up
4 months= sit up with support
5 months= grasping
10 months= creep
14 months= stand alone
15 months= walk alone

Question 14

What is a reflex?

Answer 14

The automatic uncontrollable response to a stimulus

Question 15

Rooting reflex?

Answer 15

Baby turns head to direction of touch

Question 16

Moro reflex?

Answer 16

Baby throws out arms and legs

Question 17

Grasping reflex?

Answer 17

Baby can grasp object placed in hand

Question 18

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 18

Control of large muscles e.g. arms and legs, occurs in first 3 years

Question 19

What are fine motor skills?

Answer 19

Control of smaller muscles - such as those in fingers

Question 20

What is cephalocaudal?

Answer 20

Physical maturation from head to toe which occurs in the first 2 years- allows for improvement in function and structure
Head-trunk-legs

Question 21

What is Proximodistal?

Answer 21

Physical maturation from area nearest the centre of body- then to extremities e.g. fingers
Trunk (CNS and organs) before arms and legs

Question 22

Karasik 2015?

Answer 22

Looks at role of culture- observational study- 6 cultures- 1 hour video of mother/child where behaviours such as body position, proximity to mother were recorded. Mother did not know aim, infants = 5 months

Question 23

Karasik results?

Answer 23

1/3 of infants sat independently for 1 second- cultural difference e.g. 92% in Cameroon, only 2 infants in US and 0 in Italy- difference in levels of independence

Question 24

What type of motor skill is reaching and grasping?

Answer 24

Gross

Question 25

Stages of reaching and grasping?

Answer 25

Pre-reach= newborn
Reach= 3/4 months
Ulnar grasp= 4/5 months
Pincer grasp= 9 months

Question 26

What is an ulnar grasp?

Answer 26

At 3 months an infant can adjust grasp to object size

4/5 months- can move object from hand to hand

Question 27

What is a pincer grasp?

Answer 27

Use thumb and index finger well

Question 28

How does grasping link to depth perception?

Answer 28

4 month- aim improves so they can catch objects
5 months- if an object is moved further= effort reduced from infant
8/11 months= grasping is now well practised

Question 29

Who is a case study about disruption of motor skills?

Answer 29

Case study of Genie - language

Question 30

Is depth perception innate?

Answer 30

Gibson and Walk conclude that it is innate- however in their experiment it must be considered that the infants were 6 months old, so may have had prior experience
Schwartz/Campos- depth perception relies on movement- associated with interaction with environment

Question 31

What is the relationship between motor development, independent movement and depth perception

Answer 31

Positively related, dependent on one another, motor development and depth perception precedes (and is necessary for) independent motion.