Stage 1- Lecture 3- Developmental Flashcards
What is exploratory behaviour?
Infants learn the relationship between their actions are properties of the environment?
When do infants acquire depth perception?
At 6 months
At two months what 2 things provide infants with depth information?
Accomodation- lens in eye changes shape to focus on different details
Converge- Initial two images produced by eye merge into one
Both provide info about close up data
When was the Visual Cliff experiment?
1960= earliest study of depth perception
What did Visual cliff experiment conclude?
That infants of a crawling age were reluctant to crawl on deep side but happy to crawl on shallow side- depth perception was therefore innate
Campos 1970?
Measured heart rate of infants at 2 months old on visual cliff- decrease in heart rate found- highlights that infants were interested in cliff rather than afraid
Schwartz et al 1973?
Measured heart rate, 5-9 month infants, 5 months= decrease, 9 months= increase , depth perception is associated with the ability to move
What is the importance of cue with depth perception?
Information on foreground, background, height and distance all contribute to ones knowledge on depth perception
Haith 1983?
Newborns direct eyes to moving stimulus as they prefer moving objects to non moving objects
Importance of binocular vision?
Ability to perceive the world using both eyes- 2/3 months
How do we progress from basic motor skills to more complex ones?
Not all infants follow the same sequence, some creep before they crawl- some skip this stage
How do motor skills affect social relationships?
Communication aid- reaching and pointing
Babies delight as they work on new motor competencies - triggers pleasurable reaction/reinforcement
Example of motor milestones?
1 month= chin up 4 months= sit up with support 5 months= grasping 10 months= creep 14 months= stand alone 15 months= walk alone
What is a reflex?
The automatic uncontrollable response to a stimulus
Rooting reflex?
Baby turns head to direction of touch
Moro reflex?
Baby throws out arms and legs
Grasping reflex?
Baby can grasp object placed in hand
What are gross motor skills?
Control of large muscles e.g. arms and legs, occurs in first 3 years
What are fine motor skills?
Control of smaller muscles - such as those in fingers
What is cephalocaudal?
Physical maturation from head to toe which occurs in the first 2 years- allows for improvement in function and structure
Head-trunk-legs
What is Proximodistal?
Physical maturation from area nearest the centre of body- then to extremities e.g. fingers
Trunk (CNS and organs) before arms and legs
Karasik 2015?
Looks at role of culture- observational study- 6 cultures- 1 hour video of mother/child where behaviours such as body position, proximity to mother were recorded. Mother did not know aim, infants = 5 months
Karasik results?
1/3 of infants sat independently for 1 second- cultural difference e.g. 92% in Cameroon, only 2 infants in US and 0 in Italy- difference in levels of independence
What type of motor skill is reaching and grasping?
Gross
Stages of reaching and grasping?
Pre-reach= newborn
Reach= 3/4 months
Ulnar grasp= 4/5 months
Pincer grasp= 9 months
What is an ulnar grasp?
At 3 months an infant can adjust grasp to object size
4/5 months- can move object from hand to hand
What is a pincer grasp?
Use thumb and index finger well
How does grasping link to depth perception?
4 month- aim improves so they can catch objects
5 months- if an object is moved further= effort reduced from infant
8/11 months= grasping is now well practised
Who is a case study about disruption of motor skills?
Case study of Genie - language
Is depth perception innate?
Gibson and Walk conclude that it is innate- however in their experiment it must be considered that the infants were 6 months old, so may have had prior experience
Schwartz/Campos- depth perception relies on movement- associated with interaction with environment
What is the relationship between motor development, independent movement and depth perception
Positively related, dependent on one another, motor development and depth perception precedes (and is necessary for) independent motion.
