Stage 1- Lecture 6- Development across the lifespan Flashcards
What does a positive body image correlate with?
High self esteem
Positive peer relations
Typical body image dissatisfaction for boys/girls?
Boys- tend to want to lose weight and get more muscular
Girls- desire to be thin
Body image dissatisfaction is associated with?
Teenage depression
Eating disorders
Exercise dependence
Examples of eating disorders?
Anorexia- obsession with weight gain/ refuse to maintain a normal weight
Bulimia- Binge eating followed by behaviour to avoid weight gain
Trends with eating disorders?
Peak around 14-18 years
More common in girls
Jones 2004
Looked at 165 girls, 139 boys with an average age of 15
Findings= Girls make comparisons of their own bodies to other desired by talking to friends- increasing body dissatisfaction
Boys less likely to be dissatisfied than girls
Egocentrism?
Develops in early formal operations
Self consciousness
Difficulty separating their own self perception from the views of others
Role of maturity?
Early maturing boys feel more confident than those maturing late- COK 1990
Early maturing girls = high level of depression- Alsaker 1992
= greater eating concerns Brooke Gunns 1988
Emotion definition?
A feeling, or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him/her especially to their well being
When are emotional highs/lows more frequent?
Early adolescence- links to mood swings/ new environments/ expectations
Pubertal changes?
Increase in negative emotions linking to stressful experiences
Examples of emotional competence in adolescence?
Anger- can cause harm to friendships- self help strategies help cope with this e.g. walking away from an angering situation
Recognising that inner emotions do not always match outer expressions
Distinguishing emotions?
Recognise how someone is feeling e.g. sad not afraid
What is social development in adolescence?
Changing social cues/ rivalry for new partners/ reckless behaviour
Relations with parents in adolescence?
Tends to decrease- boys alone, girls with friends
Spend more time with mother but more conflict
Issues of control
Relations with peers during adolscence?
Tends to increase More friends- one/two best friends- based on acceptance Typically same age/gender/ race Contribute to a positive self concept Intimacy more important to girls
Peer relations for early maturing girls?
Date more
Have older friends
Role of delinquency?
Poor school performance
Substance abuse
Low IQ
Aggression
Trend for mental health?
Common in adolescences and increases into adulthood
Kessler 2001?
Mental health rates rise from 1% before age 12 to 20% by end of adolescence- biggest increase between 15/18
x2 more likely in girls
Erikson lifespan development theory stages?
Industry vs inferiority - 6yrs to Puberty- Interests, praise vs criticism
Initiative vs guilt- 3/5- Preschool try new things- encouragement vs held back
Autonomy vs shame 1-3- are we allowed to discover self/body
Trust vs mistrust- first year- if babies trust caregiver learnt that in future they can trusts others
Integrity vs despair- 60+- life review can be positive or negative
Generativity vs Stagnation- 40/50s- how do we contribute to society- legacy for next generation
Intimacy vs isolation- 20/30s- can we love and commit influences happiness
Identity vs confusion- 10/20 yrs- exploring different social roles/ degree of parent control
Life span perspective?
Splits development into 2 - Early and later
Early = childhood/adolescence- physical peak’post formal thought (open to emotion/reflective)
Later= Young adult/middle/old age
Middle adulthood changes?
Estrogen/Androgen decrease
Reasoning declines
Accumulated info increase
Verbal skills increase
Later adulthood changes?
Dementia
Alzheimers
Hormonal stress theory- less resilient to stress/ increase in disease
Wisdom- build up of experience
What is the socioemotional theory?
Goals are relative to emotions
Spend more time with familiar people and have a high value on emotional satisfaction
Narrowing social interaction?
Maximises positive experiences
Minimises emotional risks
Infancy age=
0-2
Childhood age=
2-12
Adolescence=
12-20
Early adulthood=
20-40
Older age=
65+
Reflexive dev=
0-6 months
Rudimentary dev=
0-2 years
Fundamental dev=
2-6 years
Specialised dev=
6-12 years
Growth and refinement=
12-18 years
Peak performance=
18-30 years
Regression=
30 years
Physical development in adolescence?
Capable of reproduction
Increase in muscle size
Body hair
Maximal height
Changes in body proportion? adolescence-
Cephalocaudal= head/legs=25% of body at birth
end of adolescence= head, 12% legs 50%
Proximodistal= there is a central outward growth, internal organs followed by outer limbs, trend reverse in puberty= hands/ feet then limbs then trunk
Sexual maturation for girls=
Breast development
Pubic hair
Widening hips
Sexual maturation for boys=
Testes Pubic hair Penis enlargement Lower voice Facial hair
Psychoimpacts in pubety?
Girls wish to be attractive, worry about weight/ breast size
Boys have a typically better body image, worry about height / genital / muscle size
Boys more positive about first ejaculation than girls are about first period
