Stage 1- Lecture 4- Socio, Cognitive development

Question 1

What is self concept?

Answer 1

Who you are. Develops over time due to the experience with the environment

Question 2

When does an infant have self recognition?

Answer 2

18-24 months

Question 3

What is the ‘looking glass self” concept?

Answer 3

Child’s self concept is determined by how they are treated

Question 4

What is categorical self?

Answer 4

A person’s own classification of themselves, e.g. age/sex

Question 5

What is self recognition?

Answer 5

Ability to recognise oneself in the mirror - have a conceptual system where thoughts and feelings are about self

Question 6

Gallup 1970?

Answer 6

The Rouge Test- he exposed 4 chimps to mirrors, on day 3 they pulled faces and inspected bodies, when red spot placed on face, they touched spot almost 30 times in 30 min- behavioural evidence for self awareness

Question 7

Stage1 of self -recognition?

Answer 7

6-12 months- its another baby, believe reflection is someone else

Question 8

Stage 2 of self recognition?

Answer 8

13-20months- withdrawal, no longer seem particularly happy, acting self consciously

Question 9

Stage3 of self recognition?

Answer 9

20-24 months- its me- clearly recognise themselves

Question 10

Criticism of Amsterdam 1972 stages?

Answer 10

Small sample- there was only 4 infants in each group

Question 11

Study of Lewis/Brooke Gunn?

Answer 11

Looked at mirror behaviour in 9/24 months- used a larger sample and observed nose directed behaviour- Results= direct nose behaviour not observed prior to 15 months- which explains the self awareness age

Question 12

How does language develop?

Answer 12

By 2 - use personal pronouns “I, me and my” indicates self awareness
Preschool- self concept is concrete and physical- refers to appearances and possessions
Young children are less likely to mention psychological traits- use global terms, good, nice, bad

Question 13

How does self concept develop in adulthood?

Answer 13

In adulthood it becomes more complex, and links to emotional and cognitive development

Question 14

How do adults influence a child’ self concept?

Answer 14

They boost the infant’s self esteem- infant is inflated and confident to explore which means that at times the self evaluation is not accurate

Question 15

How do adolescents develop the self concept they have?

Answer 15

Use abstract thinking to think of themselves in terms of abstract characteristics

Question 16

Definition of attachment

Answer 16

An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across time and space

Question 17

Definition of imprinting

Answer 17

Phenomenon observed primarily in birds- links to work by Lorenz that when young birds hatch they become attached to the first large moving object they see

Question 18

What is Bowlby’s juvenile thieves study?

Answer 18

1944- 44 juvenile thieves and 44 control adolescents- parents were interviewed to see if there was any separation periods- more than 1/2 of thieves had been separated from mothers for longer than 6 months- 32% showed affectionless psychopathy

Question 19

Criticisms of Bowlby study?

Answer 19

Some children spent long periods in care- privation not separation
Social/ historical context- war= evacuations/ death
Too focused on bond with mother
Critical vs sensitive period

Question 20

Harlow study 1958?

Answer 20

Deprived monkeys of early interactions with mothers- option of food vs security e.g. preference for a cloth monkey vs a wire monkey, results= only used wire mother for food

Question 21

What is the attachment theory?

Answer 21

Attachment is biologically predisposed and ensures survival- provides a secure base where the attachment figure is present to allow for exploration of environment

Question 22

Pre attachment phase?

Answer 22

Birth- 6 weeks

Production of signals that bring caregiver to side, comforted by interactions

Question 23

Attachment in the making?

Answer 23

6 weeks - 6/8 months

Respond preferentially to familiar faces

Question 24

Clear cut attachment?

Answer 24

6/8m- 1.5-2 years
Infants seek contact with regular caregiver
Separation/Stranger anxiety

Question 25

Reciprocal relationships?

Answer 25

2 years onwards

Children take an active role in developing relationships with caregivers

Question 26

Five instinctual behaviours that promote attachment development?

Answer 26

Sucking- feeding
Cuddling- comfort
Looking- invites mother to respond
Smiling- Interactive reinforcement- pleasure
Crying- Discomfort- signals hunger/coldness

Question 27

When was Strange Situation?

Answer 27

1978

Question 28

How many steps?

Answer 28

8

Question 29

Attachment types Ainsworth?

Answer 29

Secure- 70%
Ambivalent(resistant)- 15%
Avoidant- 15%

Question 30

Ambivalent?

Answer 30

Distressed by absence of caregiver
Fears strangers
Cries
Explores less

Question 31

Avoidant?

Answer 31

No distress when mother leaves
Fine with strangers/ plays normally
Little interest when mother returns

Question 32

Secure?

Answer 32

Distress when mother leaves
Avoids stranger
Happy at mothers return
Mother = safe base to explore

Question 33

Conclusion of Ainsworth?

Answer 33

Caregiver behaviour determines attachment style - mother that responds sensitively is more likely to have a securely attached infant

Question 34

Main and Solomon?

Answer 34

Found Type D attachment- Inconsistent behaviour , combination of all three attachment types- confusions/indecision

Question 35

At 3 years 6 month consquence?

Answer 35

Securely attached children enjoy successful interactions with peers while insecure are hostile/impulsive/withdrawn

Question 36

Positives with Ainsworth?

Answer 36

Been accepted as the paradigm to study attachment
Measurements are based on more than one behaviour
Identifying attachment types early could lead to better and earlier intervention

Question 37

Negatives of Ainsworth?

Answer 37

Lacks validity- it is a strange situation to children
Cultural variation is ignored- only American study
Ethics

Question 38

What are some later consequences for secure children?

Answer 38

Have closer/more harmonious relationships
Positive peer/ romantic relationships
Earn higher grades