Stage 1 Lecture 2- Developmental Flashcards
What is inter-sensory integration?
Infants begin to integrate information from several senses in the same way that adults do
What is cross modal transfer?
Infants can perceive something from one modality and transfer it to another
Meltzoff&Borton?
Looked at infants who were 29 days old, 2 types of dummies one soft one bumpy- 71% looked at dummy they were sucking- example of cross modal transfer
Problems that occur if integration breaks down?
Sensory integration dysfunction
Sensory processing disorder
What is sensory overload?
When sensory experiences from the environment are too much for the nervous system to successfully process
Challenges that occur when testing infants?
Linguistic skills
Concentration/Attention
Crying/ Sleeping
Ethics- can they consent
What is an infants journey through auditory perception?
De Casper- newborns can hear before birth
Basic auditory capabilities are mature at birth
At 7-9 months they begin to focus on individual sounds
Over first year they begin to organise sounds into complex patterns
Nazzi- measuring auditory sounds?
Infant sucking rates indicates discrimination between pitch contours- non nutritive sucking
Brain responses- measuring auditory sounds?
Winkler et al found that much like adults, newborn infants segregate concurrents streams of sound to allow for organisation
What does non nutritive sucking highlight?
Moon et al- that infants can discriminate between their native language and a foreign language
How do infants aged 2-7 months process language?
They tend to listen longer to real speech sounds rather than muddled up rhythms
How does an infants visual cortex develop?
2 months- discriminate colour
3 months- discriminate objects
6 months- visual acuity 20/100, development in tracking
What is preferential looking?
Based on infants spontaneous looking preference, you do not ask the infant to look in a certain direction but instead see where their preferences lie
How do you know if an infant can discriminate between images?
They will have an innate preference to look at patterned images
What is visual acquity?
The ability to see finer detail which is initially poor at birth
When does visual acuity develop?
There is rapid development in the first 6 months to just below the level of an adults, followed by a levelling off period, full acuity not acquired until after a year
What sort of images do infants prefer?
Ones that are of a high contrast
Salapatek? - What does this show?
Infants have a preference for edges, at 1 month they scan the perimeter of shapes, at 2 months they scan the perimeter and interiors
What is the structural hypothesis?
The concept that the neonate brain contains the innate information concerning the structure of the face
What does conspec mean?
A visual perceptual device available at birth with no prior experience needed
What is the sensory hypothesis?
Classes of stimuli are preferred, as a result of their general properties- e.g. face structure can be classified by having eyes, mouth, ears and nose
Define conlearn?
The ability to learn about a human face as a consequence of directing attention to human faces- experience is required
Fantz paradigm?
Looks at preferential looking, 1 face, 1 scrambled face and 1 non face, sample was infants up to 6 months, infants look at faces over non face but there was no difference for preference of face
Johnson and Morton?
Infants selectively prefer schematic faces over scrambled and blank faces
What evidence is there for conspec?
Meltzoff and Moore suggest that babies have an innate ability to imitate adult facial expressions- social cognition
How does the paradigm for preferential looking link to mothers?
Bushnell found that 63% of 2 day old infants looked at mother over a stranger
Walton replicated this with mothers on video- found an additional result that when mothers hair was covered by shower cap an infant could not distinguish
Habituation concept?
Given the choice between a novel and familiar stimulus the infant is more likely to look at the novel stimulus, this is because an infant becomes bored of the familiar stimulus that is repeated presented in isolation
What does habituation mean?
An infant becomes familiar with an object
What does dis-habituation mean?
New stimulus is presented, the looking time is increased as they become interested again
Leinbach and Fagot?
Used 80 infants, saw a pair of faces both of the same gender, then showed pair of faces- one of each gender- showed more interest in opposite gender to what they were initially presented with
How does autism link to difficulty showing processing faces?
Young children with autism have difficulty with face recognition
How does William Syndrome link to difficulty processing faces?
Face processing undergoes abnormal developmental course
Positive of preferential looking?
It is relatively easy to set up
Disadvantage of preferential looking?
Hard to ensure accuracy, but this has improved with advances in technology
Advantage of habituation paradigm?
Easy procedure to set up
Disadvantage of dis-habituation paradigm?
There are limited abilities to test
