Stage 1 Lecture 2- Developmental

Question 1

What is inter-sensory integration?

Answer 1

Infants begin to integrate information from several senses in the same way that adults do

Question 2

What is cross modal transfer?

Answer 2

Infants can perceive something from one modality and transfer it to another

Question 3

Meltzoff&Borton?

Answer 3

Looked at infants who were 29 days old, 2 types of dummies one soft one bumpy- 71% looked at dummy they were sucking- example of cross modal transfer

Question 4

Problems that occur if integration breaks down?

Answer 4

Sensory integration dysfunction

Sensory processing disorder

Question 5

What is sensory overload?

Answer 5

When sensory experiences from the environment are too much for the nervous system to successfully process

Question 6

Challenges that occur when testing infants?

Answer 6

Linguistic skills
Concentration/Attention
Crying/ Sleeping
Ethics- can they consent

Question 7

What is an infants journey through auditory perception?

Answer 7

De Casper- newborns can hear before birth
Basic auditory capabilities are mature at birth
At 7-9 months they begin to focus on individual sounds
Over first year they begin to organise sounds into complex patterns

Question 8

Nazzi- measuring auditory sounds?

Answer 8

Infant sucking rates indicates discrimination between pitch contours- non nutritive sucking

Question 9

Brain responses- measuring auditory sounds?

Answer 9

Winkler et al found that much like adults, newborn infants segregate concurrents streams of sound to allow for organisation

Question 10

What does non nutritive sucking highlight?

Answer 10

Moon et al- that infants can discriminate between their native language and a foreign language

Question 11

How do infants aged 2-7 months process language?

Answer 11

They tend to listen longer to real speech sounds rather than muddled up rhythms

Question 12

How does an infants visual cortex develop?

Answer 12

2 months- discriminate colour
3 months- discriminate objects
6 months- visual acuity 20/100, development in tracking

Question 13

What is preferential looking?

Answer 13

Based on infants spontaneous looking preference, you do not ask the infant to look in a certain direction but instead see where their preferences lie

Question 14

How do you know if an infant can discriminate between images?

Answer 14

They will have an innate preference to look at patterned images

Question 15

What is visual acquity?

Answer 15

The ability to see finer detail which is initially poor at birth

Question 16

When does visual acuity develop?

Answer 16

There is rapid development in the first 6 months to just below the level of an adults, followed by a levelling off period, full acuity not acquired until after a year

Question 17

What sort of images do infants prefer?

Answer 17

Ones that are of a high contrast

Question 18

Salapatek? - What does this show?

Answer 18

Infants have a preference for edges, at 1 month they scan the perimeter of shapes, at 2 months they scan the perimeter and interiors

Question 19

What is the structural hypothesis?

Answer 19

The concept that the neonate brain contains the innate information concerning the structure of the face

Question 20

What does conspec mean?

Answer 20

A visual perceptual device available at birth with no prior experience needed

Question 21

What is the sensory hypothesis?

Answer 21

Classes of stimuli are preferred, as a result of their general properties- e.g. face structure can be classified by having eyes, mouth, ears and nose

Question 22

Define conlearn?

Answer 22

The ability to learn about a human face as a consequence of directing attention to human faces- experience is required

Question 23

Fantz paradigm?

Answer 23

Looks at preferential looking, 1 face, 1 scrambled face and 1 non face, sample was infants up to 6 months, infants look at faces over non face but there was no difference for preference of face

Question 24

Johnson and Morton?

Answer 24

Infants selectively prefer schematic faces over scrambled and blank faces

Question 25

What evidence is there for conspec?

Answer 25

Meltzoff and Moore suggest that babies have an innate ability to imitate adult facial expressions- social cognition

Question 26

How does the paradigm for preferential looking link to mothers?

Answer 26

Bushnell found that 63% of 2 day old infants looked at mother over a stranger
Walton replicated this with mothers on video- found an additional result that when mothers hair was covered by shower cap an infant could not distinguish

Question 27

Habituation concept?

Answer 27

Given the choice between a novel and familiar stimulus the infant is more likely to look at the novel stimulus, this is because an infant becomes bored of the familiar stimulus that is repeated presented in isolation

Question 28

What does habituation mean?

Answer 28

An infant becomes familiar with an object

Question 29

What does dis-habituation mean?

Answer 29

New stimulus is presented, the looking time is increased as they become interested again

Question 30

Leinbach and Fagot?

Answer 30

Used 80 infants, saw a pair of faces both of the same gender, then showed pair of faces- one of each gender- showed more interest in opposite gender to what they were initially presented with

Question 31

How does autism link to difficulty showing processing faces?

Answer 31

Young children with autism have difficulty with face recognition

Question 32

How does William Syndrome link to difficulty processing faces?

Answer 32

Face processing undergoes abnormal developmental course

Question 33

Positive of preferential looking?

Answer 33

It is relatively easy to set up

Question 34

Disadvantage of preferential looking?

Answer 34

Hard to ensure accuracy, but this has improved with advances in technology

Question 35

Advantage of habituation paradigm?

Answer 35

Easy procedure to set up

Question 36

Disadvantage of dis-habituation paradigm?

Answer 36

There are limited abilities to test