SS 1D - Module 6 & 7 Flashcards
The formation of the UN was pivotal in the recognition of _____________ and NGOs. This era was marked by participation of NGOs in the decision-making of the UN. They not only helped to usher in understanding relationships with private sectors, but these civic organizations were also influencing UN in adopting its ECOSOC.
civil society organizations
have diverse influences and roles in globalization. Their operations are very evident across industries such as commerce and trade, media and press, human rights, environmental groups, migration and labor. These groups are typically described as civil society, active for groups and individuals that are relatively independent of governmental interference. GCS is a global and international network of NGOs with the purpose of influencing governments and organizations in various issues and concerns. It is usually identified as grassroots attempts to seek and resist change.
NGOs
Characteristics of NGOs
- An NGO must be
entirely independent from the control of any government. It should have its own authority and jurisdiction over its operations and decisions. They design their own programs and activities and maintain their networks without interference from the government. - NGOs are
not considered as political parties. They participate in political issues like human rights and environmental pollution, but they are not classified as an organization that is part of the bureaucratic operation of the state. - NGOs
perform their tasks not because of generating income or profit. They are described as non-profit and not-for-profit organizations or entities. The existence and operating costs of NGOs rely on the members’ contribution and proactive sponsorship from the private sector and entities that have interest in their causes.
Roles of Civil Society OrganizationsThe World Economic Forum (WEF) outlined the following roles of NGOs and CSOs:
- watchdog
- advocate
- service provider
- expert
- capacity builder
- incubator
- representative
- citizenship champion
- sodality supporter
- definer of standards
: CSOs monitor the behavior of institutions in the promotion of transparency and accountability.
Watchdog
: They initiate programs that raise public awareness of issues and challenges, advocating for change.
Advocate
: These organizations are active in delivering services to meet societal needs including food and security, health education, and disaster management.
Service Provider
: They bring unique knowledge and expertise to evaluate policy and strategy and identify solutions.
Expert
: Civil society provides services providing relevant training, education, and capacity building to communities.
Capacity Builder
: CSOs act as an armory in developing solutions that require long playbook periods.
Incubator
: They give power in emphasizing rights for marginalized and voices of under-represented.
Representative
: CSOs are known in encouraging citizen engagement and championing the rights of the minority.
Citizenship Champion
: They promote ethical standards, and human practices as part of promoting universal values geared towards sustainability and balance of life in the society.
Sodality Supporter
: CSOs create and define norms that shape and make active the rights of the people and societies.
Definer of Standards
are international not-for-profit organizations that are independent and are not controlled by governments. TNGOs operate as an extension of the private life of the state transcending from domestic to international affairs. TNGOs are seen very active in domestic affairs in countries under democracy. Democratic states do not only recognize the operation of NGOs but promote as well its involvement in the acceleration and delivery of its services.
Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations (TNGOs)
are considered as vanguard against the abuses of capitalists and organizations that negatively affect the environment. NGOs usually lobby to influence decision-makers, international organizations, and governments. They undertake serious actions like research fundraising, publicly and challenging policies and legislatures that are detrimental to the ecology and environment.
Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations(NGOs)
Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations example
Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) are the most prominent Environmental NGOs. Activities and engagements of these organizations are described as assertive and influential. They operate in almost all countries, especially those that have environmental concerns. Greenpeace is known for advocacy work on issues concerning toxic products, and forest restoration, whereas WWF on the other hand is the world’s largest multinational conservation organization.
The adoption of UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, which centers on the promotion of political participation and freedom, entitlements and access to adequate food, shelter, clothing, and health care, provided a more pronounced obligation of the state to its citizens. This adoption was followed by the resurgence of other bodies and conventions such as women’s and children’s rights, discrimination and abuse. Under the UN’s management, the organization has the right to act on issues concerning human rights violations.
Law and Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations
Law and Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations example
Amnesty International (AI) is one of the world’s most famous and active human rights NGOs operating in different countries worldwide. AI maintains its global prestige and integrity of not accepting money and donations from governments and political organizations/parties. It is known in focusing advocates and causes on judicial and justice system reform, abolition of death penalty, protecting the rights of migrants and refugees as well as protection to human rights defenders, and promoting the rights of marginalized communities and indigenous peoples.
- is described as a
process, system, procedure. It is a state or condition of changing and enhancing something. - Oxford defines it as “a process and an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation.”
- This process requires a number of factors and actions in developing a part of a system or consistent elements.
- is a
complex and multidimensionalconcept occurring in an unarticulated condition.
Belli (2011) stresses the development of the other structures of the system could be examined in relation to one another and the structural and functional systems of globalization. Countries that lack resources are at the bottom of the phenomenon where benefits are perceived to be disproportionately shared. CSOs describe this situation as maldevelopment, a condition where developing and least developed countries suffer on the downside effects of development and changes.
development
Four Dimensions of Development
The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the UN has enumerated the four dimensions and prevailing paradigms of development.
hets
- Economic Development
- Human Development
- Sustainable Development
- Territorial Development
It is focused on the qualitative aspect of change that sometimes people failed to define, like increased quality of life, social improvements and innovations.
Economic Development
UN’s Three Dimensions of Development: <br></br> - Long and healthy life <br></br> - Knowledge <br></br> - Decent standard of living
Life expectancy at birth <br></br> Expected and mean years of schooling <br></br> Gross National Income (GNI)
Human Development
It is the “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Brundtland Commission)
Sustainable Development
It focuses on the relationships of human activities between urban and rural areas (Belli, 2011).
Territorial Development
were established as part of the success of the Millennium Development Goals of 2015. In the next 15 years, member countries of UN, rich and poor, developing or developing are expected to mobilize all efforts to end the global problem of poverty, solve inequality, and address impacts of climate change.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
17 Sustainable Development Goals
- No Poverty. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
- Zero Hunger. End hunger, achieve food security, and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
- Good Health and Well-being. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
- Quality Education. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education.
- Gender Equality. Achieve gender equality and empower all women.
- Clean Water and Sanitation. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
- Affordable and Clean Energy. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
- Decent Work and Economic Growth. Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
- Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
- Reduced Inequality. Reduce inequality within and among countries.
- Sustainable Cities and Communities. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
- Responsible Consumption and Production. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
- Climate Action. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
- Life Below Water. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.
- Life on Land. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
- Peace and Justice Strong Institutions. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
- Partnerships to achieve the Goal. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development.
- is
widely used in social scienceslike sociology, political science, and economics. - it is a
major subject of discoursesespecially relating to globalization, global divide, and development across the world.
global south
as a geographical condition described as largely equivalent, but related to Third World (Pagel, Ranke et al. 2014)
global south
- the term _________ does not refer exclusively to countries outside
United States and Europe, Australia and New Zealand,but to the entire “South.” - It refers to countries that are excluded from global interaction and globalization.
south
contemporary issue in socioeconomic and political divide.
global south
Countries like the United States, Canada, and western part of Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand are giant economies parts of the __________. These countries are described as highly industrialized, developed, and most advanced economies in the world. It rests on the fact that the entire world’s industrially developed countries lie to the north of the developing countries.
global north
Countries which belong to the _______ possess various political and economic descriptions and experiences. In Africa, debt, poor infrastructure, education, employment, health care, and peace and security are key impediments. The region’s problem on poverty is the fundamental challenge of governments and institutions providing key to these countries.
global south
are tend to be a combination of emerging and developing economies with the exception of Singapore. Domestic and regional problems like unstable governments, rule of law and environmental pollution are continuously at the forefront of concerns in the region.
Asian countries
on the other hand consists of countries that have experienced transitioning governments. There are former territories of the Soviet Union and stabilizing the economy brought by the damage from the former communist Soviet regime is still evident. Political and economic unrest is a hindrance to address the fabric of communism during the Cold War era.
Central Asia
region has its unique social struggle. The region is confined in a costly conflict involving territorial insecurity, peace and order, and competing ethnic and biological classes. Though the region is an oil-rich country but regional issue are barriers in the development process of West Asia.
West Asian
Countries belonging to ________ are trapped in turbulent economic problems. Regional matters like unstable democratic governance and fiscal problems are now challenging facing countries of the region. Latin American countries are described as countries that have experienced “lost development” because of missed economic opportunities especially in the 60s and 70s.
Latin America
Globalization in the 1990
The economic intensification observed in the 90s fueled countries to establish their competitiveness that can not keep the demands of the market. Underdeveloped countries suffer most of the negative impacts of globalization. Countries of the global south experienced unstable governments and weak economies failed to produce outputs as a response to the internationalization system of economy and government. There were countries that disappear from the pipelines of the global competition. Some countries mostly third world shifted its interest through relying to a more powerful economy.
Uneven Immigration
The pattern of migration in the last three decades saw an unprecedented rise of migrant workers and citizens seeking greener opportunities in other countries. People from Asia targeted Western Europe and America as ideal point of employment. Developed countries that are on the height of technological development, advancement, and high quality of social services became the main venues accepting migrants. This trend continues to happen in the current times where in most countries of the global south found this opportunity as an alternative to the absence of jobs available in the local economy.
The hegemonic nature if international economic relations
The global problem of poverty and inequality are outcomes of the evil practices of western countries. These problems are associated with the abuse of capitalists who control most of the world’s wealth. International institutions that have the power and resources are very silent and unresponsive in this problems experiencing countries in the global south.Countries in the global south are trapped in the hands of developed countries where rising financial obligations like loan programs are continuously punishing economies of the south.The global problem of poverty and inequality are outcomes of the evil practices of western countries. These problems are associated with the abuse of capitalists who control most of the world’s wealth.
