SS 1D - Module 6 & 7

Question 1

The formation of the UN was pivotal in the recognition of _____________ and NGOs. This era was marked by participation of NGOs in the decision-making of the UN. They not only helped to usher in understanding relationships with private sectors, but these civic organizations were also influencing UN in adopting its ECOSOC.

Answer 1

civil society organizations

Question 2

have diverse influences and roles in globalization. Their operations are very evident across industries such as commerce and trade, media and press, human rights, environmental groups, migration and labor. These groups are typically described as civil society, active for groups and individuals that are relatively independent of governmental interference. GCS is a global and international network of NGOs with the purpose of influencing governments and organizations in various issues and concerns. It is usually identified as grassroots attempts to seek and resist change.

Answer 2

NGOs

Question 3

Characteristics of NGOs

Answer 3

• An NGO must be entirely independent from the control of any government. It should have its own authority and jurisdiction over its operations and decisions. They design their own programs and activities and maintain their networks without interference from the government.
• NGOs are not considered as political parties. They participate in political issues like human rights and environmental pollution, but they are not classified as an organization that is part of the bureaucratic operation of the state.
• NGOs perform their tasks not because of generating income or profit. They are described as non-profit and not-for-profit organizations or entities. The existence and operating costs of NGOs rely on the members’ contribution and proactive sponsorship from the private sector and entities that have interest in their causes.

Question 4

Roles of Civil Society Organizations
The World Economic Forum (WEF) outlined the following roles of NGOs and CSOs:

Answer 4

1. watchdog
2. advocate
3. service provider
4. expert
5. capacity builder
6. incubator
7. representative
8. citizenship champion
9. sodality supporter
10. definer of standards

Question 5

: CSOs monitor the behavior of institutions in the promotion of transparency and accountability.

Answer 5

Watchdog

Question 6

: They initiate programs that raise public awareness of issues and challenges, advocating for change.

Answer 6

Advocate

Question 7

: These organizations are active in delivering services to meet societal needs including food and security, health education, and disaster management.

Answer 7

Service Provider

Question 8

: They bring unique knowledge and expertise to evaluate policy and strategy and identify solutions.

Answer 8

Expert

Question 9

: Civil society provides services providing relevant training, education, and capacity building to communities.

Answer 9

Capacity Builder

Question 10

: CSOs act as an armory in developing solutions that require long playbook periods.

Answer 10

Incubator

Question 11

: They give power in emphasizing rights for marginalized and voices of under-represented.

Answer 11

Representative

Question 12

: CSOs are known in encouraging citizen engagement and championing the rights of the minority.

Answer 12

Citizenship Champion

Question 13

: They promote ethical standards, and human practices as part of promoting universal values geared towards sustainability and balance of life in the society.

Answer 13

Sodality Supporter

Question 14

: CSOs create and define norms that shape and make active the rights of the people and societies.

Answer 14

Definer of Standards

Question 15

are international not-for-profit organizations that are independent and are not controlled by governments. TNGOs operate as an extension of the private life of the state transcending from domestic to international affairs. TNGOs are seen very active in domestic affairs in countries under democracy. Democratic states do not only recognize the operation of NGOs but promote as well its involvement in the acceleration and delivery of its services.

Answer 15

Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations (TNGOs)

Question 16

are considered as vanguard against the abuses of capitalists and organizations that negatively affect the environment. NGOs usually lobby to influence decision-makers, international organizations, and governments. They undertake serious actions like research fundraising, publicly and challenging policies and legislatures that are detrimental to the ecology and environment.

Answer 16

Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations(NGOs)

Question 17

Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations example

Answer 17

Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) are the most prominent Environmental NGOs. Activities and engagements of these organizations are described as assertive and influential. They operate in almost all countries, especially those that have environmental concerns. Greenpeace is known for advocacy work on issues concerning toxic products, and forest restoration, whereas WWF on the other hand is the world’s largest multinational conservation organization.

Question 18

The adoption of UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, which centers on the promotion of political participation and freedom, entitlements and access to adequate food, shelter, clothing, and health care, provided a more pronounced obligation of the state to its citizens. This adoption was followed by the resurgence of other bodies and conventions such as women’s and children’s rights, discrimination and abuse. Under the UN’s management, the organization has the right to act on issues concerning human rights violations.

Answer 18

Law and Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations

Question 19

Law and Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations example

Answer 19

Amnesty International (AI) is one of the world’s most famous and active human rights NGOs operating in different countries worldwide. AI maintains its global prestige and integrity of not accepting money and donations from governments and political organizations/parties. It is known in focusing advocates and causes on judicial and justice system reform, abolition of death penalty, protecting the rights of migrants and refugees as well as protection to human rights defenders, and promoting the rights of marginalized communities and indigenous peoples.

Question 20

• is described as a process, system, procedure. It is a state or condition of changing and enhancing something.
• Oxford defines it as “a process and an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation.”
• This process requires a number of factors and actions in developing a part of a system or consistent elements.
• is a complex and multidimensional concept occurring in an unarticulated condition.

Belli (2011) stresses the development of the other structures of the system could be examined in relation to one another and the structural and functional systems of globalization. Countries that lack resources are at the bottom of the phenomenon where benefits are perceived to be disproportionately shared. CSOs describe this situation as maldevelopment, a condition where developing and least developed countries suffer on the downside effects of development and changes.

Answer 20

development

Question 21

Four Dimensions of Development

The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the UN has enumerated the four dimensions and prevailing paradigms of development.

hets

Answer 21

1. Economic Development
2. Human Development
3. Sustainable Development
4. Territorial Development

Question 22

It is focused on the qualitative aspect of change that sometimes people failed to define, like increased quality of life, social improvements and innovations.

Answer 22

Economic Development

Question 23

UN’s Three Dimensions of Development: <br></br> - Long and healthy life <br></br> - Knowledge <br></br> - Decent standard of living

Life expectancy at birth <br></br> Expected and mean years of schooling <br></br> Gross National Income (GNI)

Answer 23

Human Development

Question 24

It is the “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Brundtland Commission)

Answer 24

Sustainable Development

Question 25

It focuses on the `relationships of human activities` between urban and rural areas (Belli, 2011).

Answer 25

**Territorial Development**

Question 26

were established as part of the `success of the Millennium Development Goals` of 2015. In the next 15 years, member countries of UN, rich and poor, developing or developing are expected to mobilize all efforts to end the global problem of poverty, solve inequality, and address impacts of climate change.

Answer 26

**Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)**

Question 27

**17 Sustainable Development Goals**

Answer 27

1. **No Poverty**. End poverty in all its forms everywhere. 1. **Zero Hunger**. End hunger, achieve food security, and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. 1. **Good Health and Well-being**. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 1. **Quality Education**. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education. 1. **Gender Equality**. Achieve gender equality and empower all women. 1. **Clean Water and Sanitation**. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. 1. **Affordable and Clean Energy**. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. 1. **Decent Work and Economic Growth**. Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. 1. **Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure**. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. 1. **Reduced Inequality**. Reduce inequality within and among countries. 1. **Sustainable Cities and Communities**. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. 1. **Responsible Consumption and Production**. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. 1. **Climate Action**. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. 1. **Life Below Water**. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. 1. **Life on Land**. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. 1. **Peace and Justice Strong Institutions**. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. 1. **Partnerships to achieve the Goal**. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development.

Question 28

* is `widely used in social sciences` like sociology, political science, and economics. * it is a `major subject of discourses` especially relating to globalization, global divide, and development across the world.

Answer 28

**global south**

Question 29

as a geographical condition described as largely equivalent, but `related to Third World` (Pagel, Ranke et al. 2014)

Answer 29

**global south**

Question 30

* the term _________ does not refer exclusively to countries outside `United States and Europe, Australia and New Zealand,` but to the entire "South." * It refers to countries that are excluded from global interaction and globalization.

Answer 30

**south**

Question 31

contemporary issue in `socioeconomic and political divide.`

Answer 31

**global south**

Question 32

Countries like the `United States, Canada`, and western part of `Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand` are giant economies parts of the __________. These countries are described as `highly industrialized`, developed, and most advanced economies in the world. It rests on the fact that the entire world's industrially developed countries lie to the north of the developing countries.

Answer 32

**global north**

Question 33

Countries which belong to the _______ possess various political and economic descriptions and experiences. In Africa, d`ebt, poor infrastructure, education, employment, health care, and peace and security `are key impediments. The region's problem on poverty is the fundamental challenge of governments and institutions providing key to these countries.

Answer 33

**global south**

Question 34

are tend to be a `combination of emerging and developing economies` with the exception of Singapore. Domestic and regional problems like unstable governments, rule of law and environmental pollution are continuously at the forefront of concerns in the region.

Answer 34

**Asian countries**

Question 35

on the other hand consists of countries that `have experienced transitioning governments`. There are former territories of the Soviet Union and stabilizing the economy brought by the damage from the former communist Soviet regime is still evident. `Political and economic unrest` is a hindrance to address the fabric of communism during the Cold War era.

Answer 35

**Central Asia**

Question 36

region has its `unique social struggle`. The region is confined in a costly conflict involving `territorial insecurity`, peace and order, and competing ethnic and biological classes. Though the region is an oil-rich country but regional issue are `barriers in the development process of West Asia`.

Answer 36

**West Asian**

Question 37

Countries belonging to ________ are trapped in turbulent economic problems. Regional matters like unstable **democratic governance and fiscal problems** are now challenging facing countries of the region. Latin American countries are described as countries that have experienced **"lost development"** because of missed economic opportunities especially in the 60s and 70s.

Answer 37

**Latin America**

Question 38

**Globalization in the 1990**

Answer 38

The economic intensification observed in the 90s fueled countries to establish their competitiveness that can not keep the demands of the market. **Underdeveloped countries** suffer most of the negative impacts of globalization. **Countries of the global south** experienced unstable governments and weak economies failed to produce outputs as a response to the internationalization system of economy and government. There were countries that disappear from the pipelines of the global competition. Some countries mostly third world shifted its interest through relying to a more powerful economy.

Question 39

**Uneven Immigration**

Answer 39

The pattern of migration in the last three decades saw an unprecedented rise of migrant workers and citizens seeking greener opportunities in other countries. **People from Asia targeted Western Europe and America** as ideal point of employment. `Developed countries that are on the height of technological development, advancement, and high quality of social services became the main venues accepting migrants`. This trend continues to happen in the current times where in most countries of the global south found this opportunity as an alternative to the absence of jobs available in the local economy.

Question 40

**The hegemonic nature if international economic relations**

Answer 40

The global problem of poverty and inequality are outcomes of the evil practices of western countries. These problems are associated with the `abuse of capitalists` who control most of the world’s wealth. **International institutions** that have the power and resources are `very silent and unresponsive in this problems` experiencing countries in the global south.**Countries in the global south** are `trapped in the hands of developed countries` where rising financial obligations like loan programs are continuously punishing economies of the south.The global problem of poverty and inequality are outcomes of the evil practices of western countries. These problems are associated with the `abuse of capitalists` who control most of the world’s wealth.