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FIS - midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Why Learn About Information Systems?

A
  • used in almost every profession
  • Entrepreneurs & small business — reach customers
  • Sales Rep. — advertise products
  • Managers — make multimillion-dollar decision
  • Financial Managers — advise clients to help them save
  • Business — perform accounting & financial operations
  • first job, earn promotion, & advance your career
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2
Q
  • A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
  • It is the feedback mechanism that helps organizations achieve their goals, such as increasing profits or improving customer service.
A

Information System (IS)

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3
Q

4 Everyday IS interaction

A
  • Using Automated Teller Machine (ATM).
  • Accessing information over the Internet.
  • Selecting information from kiosks with touch screens.
  • Scanning bar codes on purchases at self-lane check outs.
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4
Q

consists of raw facts, such as an employee number, total hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders.

A

DATA

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5
Q

4 Representation of Data

A
  • Alphanumeric data - Numbers, letters and other characters.
  • Image data - Graphic images and pictures.
  • Audio data - Sound, noise or tones.
  • Video data - Moving images or pictures.
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6
Q
  • Defining and organizing relationships among data creates information.
  • A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the individual facts.
  • The process of defining relationships among data to create useful information requires knowledge.
  • Turning data into information is a process – a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome.
A

INFORMATION

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7
Q
  • Having it means understanding relationships in information.
  • A set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision.
A

KNOWLEDGE

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8
Q

a data made more useful through the application of knowledge.

A

Information

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9
Q

These are the people who create, use, and disseminate knowledge, and are usually professionals in science, engineering, business, and other areas.

A

Knowledge Workers (KWs)

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10
Q

An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to create, store, and use the organization’s knowledge and experience.

A

Knowledge Management System (KMS)

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11
Q

What are the Characteristics of a VALUABLE Information?

A
  1. Accessible (but use available instead)
  2. Accurate
  3. Complete
  4. Economical
  5. Flexible
  6. Relevant
  7. Reliable
  8. Secure
  9. Simple
  10. Timely
  11. Verifiable
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12
Q

obtain info in the right format at the right time

A

Accessible/Available

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13
Q

error free info (GIGO - unaccurate data)

A

Accurate

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14
Q

contains all important facts

A

Complete

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15
Q

balance the value of the info with the cost producing it

A

Economical

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16
Q

can be used for a variety of purposes

A

flexible

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17
Q

important to the decision maker

A

Relevant

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18
Q

can be trusted by users (w/ trusted source)

A

Reliable

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19
Q

free from unauthorized users

A

Secure

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20
Q

not overly complex

A

simple

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21
Q

delivered when its needed

A

timely

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22
Q

can check it to make sure its correct

A

verifiable

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23
Q
  • The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organization’s goals.
  • Valuable information can help people and their organizations perform tasks more efficiently and effectively.
A

value of information

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24
Q

Efficiency vs Effectiveness

A

Efficiency
* compare systems
* doing things right
* save resources

Effectiveness
* measure of the extent
* computed by dividing goals
* doing the right thing
* DON'T save resources

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25
Q
  • the activity of gathering and capturing raw data.
  • In producing paychecks, for example, the number of hours every employee works must be collected before paychecks can be calculated or printed.
  • In a university grading system, instructors must submit student grades before a summary of grades for the semester or quarter can be compiled and sent to students.
A

INPUT

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26
Q
  • In information systems, it means converting or transforming data into useful outputs.
  • can involve making calculations, comparing data and taking alternative actions, and storing data making data into useful information
  • s critical in business settings.
A

PROCESSING

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27
Q
  • Iproducing useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports.
  • include paychecks for employees, reports for managers, and information supplied to stockholders, banks, government agencies, and other groups.
  • In some cases, output from one system can become input for another. For example, output from a system that processes sales orders can be used as input to a customer billing system.
A

OUTPUT

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28
Q
  • information from the system that is used to make changes to input or processing activities.
  • For example, errors or problems might make it necessary to correct input data or change a process.
  • Feedback is also important for managers and decision
A

FEEDBACK

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29
Q

A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.

A

Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)

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30
Q

CBIS COMPONENTS

A
  1. Hardware
  2. Software
  3. Databases
  4. Telecommunications
  5. People
  6. Procedures
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31
Q
  • Consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities.
  • The trend in the computer industry is to produce smaller, faster, and more mobile hardware.
  • Input devices include keyboards, mice and other pointing devices, automatic scanning devices, and equipment that can read magnetic ink characters.
A

Hardware

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32
Q
  • Consists of the computer programs that govern the operation of the computer.
  • With software, people can work anytime at any place.
  • These programs allow a computer to process payroll, send bills to customers, and provide managers with information to increase profits, reduce costs, and provide better customer service.
A

Software

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33
Q

Two (2) Types of Software

A
  • System Software: controls the basic computer operations including start-up and printing.
    e.g. Microsoft Windows Vista
  • Application Software: allows you to accomplish specific tasks including word processing or creating spreadsheets.
    e.g. Microsoft Office 2007
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34
Q
  • A is an organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of two or more related data files.
  • Most managers and executives consider a database to be one of the most valuable parts of a computer-based information system.
  • An organization’s database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors’ sales and online purchases.
A

Databases

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35
Q

is the electronic transmission of signals for communications, which enables organizations to carry out their processes and tasks through effective computer networks.

A

Telecommunications

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36
Q
  • People can be the most important element in most computer-based information systems.
  • They make the difference between success and failure for most organizations.
  • Information systems personnel include all the people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system.
A

People

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37
Q
  • include the strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS, including the operation, maintenance, and security of the computer.
  • Good procedures can help companies take advantage of new opportunities and avoid potential disasters.
  • Poorly developed and inadequately implemented procedures, however, can cause people to waste their time on useless rules or result in inadequate responses to disasters.
A

Procedures

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38
Q
  • are used in all functional areas and operating divisions of business.
A

Information systems

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39
Q

Information Systems in Business

A
  • Finance and accounting — forecase revenues and business activity, perform audits
  • Sales and marketing — develop new goods and services
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40
Q

Information Systems in Industry

A
  • Airline industry — develps internet auction sites to offer discount fares and increase revenue
  • Investment firms — analyze stocks, bonds, options, the future market, and other financial instruments
  • Banks — make sound loans and good investments as well as to provide online check payment for account holders
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41
Q

formal collection of people and other resources to accomplish a set of goals
a system that has input, processing, output and feedback
it constantly use money, people, materials, machines and other equipment

A

Organization

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42
Q

For-profit vs. Non-profit Org

A

For-profit - maximize shareholder value, price of the company stock (has income)
Nonprofit - social groups, religous groups, universities (no income)

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43
Q

support and work within all parts of an org’al process
org use this to cut cost and increase profits

A

Information Systems

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44
Q

focuses on outperforming others, often aiming to be the best.

A

Competitive

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45
Q

focuses on efficiency and effectiveness, aiming to accomplish goals successfully.

A

Productive

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46
Q

a series (chain) of act
* inbound logistics
* warehouse & storage
* production
* finished product storage
* outbound logistic
* marketing and sales
* customer service

A

value chain

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47
Q

helps determine the ff:
* supplies
* quantities
* how should it be processed
* shipment

A

Supply Chain Management

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48
Q

Help a company manage all aspects of customer encounters, including:

1. Marketing and advertising,
2. Sales,
3. Customer service after the sale, and
4. Programs to retain loyal customers.
  • help get customer data/feedback
A

Customer Relationship Management

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49
Q
  • Refers to organizational sub-units and the way they relate to the overall organization.
  • An organization’s structure depends on its goals and approach to management, and can affect how it views and uses information systems.
  • The types of organizational structures typically include traditional, project, team, and virtual.
A

Organizational Structure

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50
Q
  • Also called as a “hierarchical” structure.
  • It is like a managerial pyramid where the hierarchy of decision making and authority flows from the strategic management at the top down to operational management and non-management employees.
A

Traditional Organizational Structure

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51
Q
  • Includes the president of the company and vice presidents.
  • They have the highest degree of decision authority and has the most impact on corporate goals.
A

Strategic Level

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52
Q
  • Includes the major department heads.
  • Usually divided according to function and can include marketing, production, information systems, finance and accounting, research and development, and so on.
A

Tactical Level

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53
Q
  • Known as the “Line positions”.
  • These positions or departments are directly associated with making, packing, or shipping goods.
A

Operational Level

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54
Q
  • Known as the “Staff positions”.
  • These are positions that might not be directly involved with the formal chain of command but instead assist a department or area.
A

NOn-Management Level

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55
Q

Empowers employees at lower levels to make decisions and solve problems without needing permission from midlevel managers.

A

Flat Organizational
Structure

56
Q
  • Centered on major products or services.
  • Project teams are temporary— when the project is complete, the members go on to new teams formed for another project.
A

Project Organizational
Structure

57
Q
  • Centered on work teams or groups. In some cases, these teams are small; in others, they are very large.
  • Typically, each team has a leader who reports to an upper-level manager.
  • Depending on its tasks, the team can be temporary or permanent.
A

Team Organizational
Structure

58
Q
  • Employs individuals, groups, or complete business units in geographically dispersed areas that can last for a few weeks or years, often requiring telecommunications or the Internet
  • .Allows work to be separated from location and time.
  • Work can be done anywhere, anytime.
A

Virtual Organizational
Structure

59
Q
  • People might never meet physically, which explains the use of the word virtual, and highlights the difference between virtual organizations and traditional ones that have operations in more than one location.
  • A Virtual organization is geographically distributed, and uses information technology to communicate and coordinate the work.
  • It can last for a few weeks, months, years or decades.
A

Virtual Organizational
Structure

60
Q

A ____________ is geographically distributed, and uses information technology to communicate and coordinate the work.

A

Virtual organization

61
Q

A set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a group, such as within an ethnic group or a country.

62
Q

Consists of the major understandings (common beliefs, values, and approaches to decision making) and assumptions for a business, corporation, or other organization.

A

Organizational Culture

63
Q

Deals with how for-profit and nonprofit organizations plan for, implement, and handle change.

A

Organizational Change

64
Q

INTERNAL vs EXTERNAL CHANGE

A

Internal change – factors initiated by employees at all levels.
External change- activities created by competitors, stockholders, federal and state laws, community regulations, natural occurrences (such as hurricanes), and general economic conditions.

65
Q

Can help an organization improve the supply of raw materials, the production process, and the products and services it offers.

A

Sustaining Change

66
Q

Often harms an organization’s performance or even puts it out of business.

A

Disruptive Change

67
Q

CHANGE MODEL
by
Kurt Lewin and Edgar Schein

A
  • Unfreezing - stopping old habits and creating a climate that is receptive to change.
  • Moving - learning new work methods, behaviors, and systems.
  • Refreezing - reinforcing changes to make the new process second nature, accepted, and part of the job.
68
Q

Involves the radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough (advancement) in business results.

A

Business Process
Reengineering

69
Q
  • Constantly seek ways to improve business processes and add value to products and services.
  • This continual change will increase customer satisfaction and loyalty and ensure ong-term profitability.
A

Continuous Improvement

70
Q

A model that describes the factors leading to higher levels of acceptance and usage of technology.

A

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

71
Q

TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION vs INFUSION

A
  • T. Diffusion - A measure of how widely technology is spread throughout the organization.
  • T. Infusion - The extent to which technology is deeply integrated into an area or department.
72
Q

The ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations.

73
Q
  • Involves contracting with outside professional services to meet specific business needs.
  • Organizations often outsource a process to focus more closely on their core business—and target limited resources to meet strategic goals.
A

Outsourcing

74
Q
  • Involves rapidly responding to the organization’s flow of work as the need for computer resources varies.
  • Organization pays for computing resources from a computer or consulting company.
A

On-demand Computing

75
Q
  • Instead of purchasing hardware, software, and database systems, the organization only pays a fee for the systems it needs at peak times.
  • It also allows the organization’s IS staff to concentrate on more-strategic issues.
A

On-demand Computing

76
Q
  • Involves reducing the number of employees to cut costs.
  • Rather than pick a specific business process to downsize, companies usually look to downsize across the entire company.
  • Reduces total payroll costs, though employee morale can suffer.
A

Downsizing

77
Q
  • Employers need to be open to alternatives for reducing the number of employees but use layoffs as the last resort.
  • It’s simpler to encourage people to leave voluntarily through early retirement or other incentives.
A

Downsizing

78
Q
  • A significant and (ideally) long-term benefit to a company over its competition, and can result in higher-quality products, better customer service, and lower costs.
  • Establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage is complex, but a company’s survival and prosperity depend on its success in doing so.
A

Competitive Advantage

79
Q
  • To gain an advantage over competitors, companies constantly analyze how they use their resources and assets.
  • For example, a transportation company might decide to invest in radio-frequency technology to tag and trace products as they move from one location to another.
A

Rivalry Among Existing Competitors

80
Q

When the threat of new market entrants is high, the desire to seek and maintain competitive advantage to dissuade / discourage new entrants is also usually high.

A

Threat of New Entrants

81
Q
  • Companies that offer one type of goods or services are threatened by other companies that offer similar goods or services.
  • The more consumers can obtain similar products and services that satisfy their needs, the more likely firms are to try to establish competitive advantage.
A

Threat of Substitute Products and Services

82
Q
  • Large customers tend to influence a firm, and this influence can increase significantly if the customers can threaten to switch to rival companies.
  • When the bargaining power of suppliers is strong, companies need to improve their competitive advantage to maintain their bargaining position.
A

Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers

83
Q
  • Deliver the lowest possible cost for products and services.
  • Achieved by reducing the costs of raw materials through aggressive negotiations with suppliers, becoming more efficient with production and manufacturing processes, and reducing warehousing and shipping costs.
A

Cost Leadership

84
Q
  • Deliver different products and services.
  • This strategy can involve producing a variety of products, giving customers more choices, or delivering higher quality products and services.
A

Differentiation

85
Q
  • Deliver to only a small, niche market.
  • Porsche, for example, doesn’t produce inexpensive station wagons or large sedans. It makes high-performance sports cars and SUVs. \
  • Rolex only makes high-quality, expensive watches. It doesn’t make inexpensive, plastic watches.
A

Niche strategy

86
Q
  • Introduce new products and services periodically or frequently.
  • If an organization does not introduce new products and services every few months, the company can quickly stagnate, lose market share, and decline.
A

Creating New Products and Services

87
Q

Make real or perceived improvements to existing product lines and services.

A

Improving Existing Product Lines and Services

88
Q
  • A measure of the output achieved divided by the input required.
  • A higher level of output for a given level of input means greater productivity; a lower level of output for a given level of input means lower productivity.
A

Productivity
Productivity = (Output / Input) × 100%

89
Q

This measure investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a percentage of the investment in IS technology.

A

Return on Investment (ROI)

90
Q

The percentage of sales that a product or service has in relation to the total market.

A

Market Share

91
Q

Bringing new products and services to customers in less time.

A

Speed to Market

92
Q

The measurement of the total cost of owning computer equipment, including desktop computers, networks, and large computers.

A

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

93
Q

It consists of any machinery (most of which uses digital circuits) that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system.

94
Q

These components include the input devices, output devices, primary and secondary storage devices, and the central processing unit (CPU). The control unit, the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), and the register storage areas constitute the CPU.

A

Hardware Components

95
Q

Part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas.

A

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

96
Q

Part of the CPU that performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons.

A

Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

97
Q

Part of the CPU that sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, the registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices.

A

Control unit

98
Q

The set of programs that coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and other programs throughout the computer system.

A

Systems Software

99
Q

The combination of a hardware configuration and systems software is known as a .

A

computer system platform

100
Q

It has the greatest potential to affect processes that add value to a business because it is designed for specific organizational activities and functions.

A

Application Software

101
Q

is an application that enables a workgroup to schedule meetings and coordinate activities.

A

Lotus Notes

102
Q

The sphere of influence that serves the needs of an individual user.

A

Personal Sphere of Influence

103
Q

The software that enables users to improve their personal effectiveness, increasing the amount of work they can perform and enhancing its quality.

A

Personal Productivity Software

104
Q

Personal computer and workstation operating systems

A

Systems Software

105
Q

Word processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics

A

Application Software

106
Q

Two or more people who work together to achieve a common goal.

107
Q

The sphere of influence that serves the needs of a workgroup.

A

Workgroup Sphere of Influence

108
Q

Network operating systems

A

Systems Software

109
Q

Electronic mail, group scheduling, shared work, collaboration.

A

Application Software

110
Q

The sphere of influence that serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment.

A

Enterprise Sphere of Influence

111
Q

Midrange computer and mainframe operating systems.

A

Systems Software

112
Q

General ledger, order entry, payroll, human resources.

A

Application Software

113
Q
  • A set of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with applications.
  • It can control one or more computers, or they can allow multiple users to interact with one computer.
A

Operating System (OS)

114
Q

This system is commonly used in a personal computer or a handheld computer that allows one user at a time.

A

Single computer with a single user

115
Q

This system is typical of larger, mainframe computers that can accommodate hundreds or thousands of people, all using the computer at the same time.

A

Single computer with multiple users

116
Q

This system is typical of a network of computers, such as a home network with several computers attached or a large computer network with hundreds of computers attached around the world.

A

Multiple computers

117
Q

This system is typical of a number of computers with specialized functions, such as those that control sophisticated military aircraft, the space shuttle, and some home appliances.

A

Special-purpose computers

118
Q
  • The heartof the operating system, which controls the most critical processes.
  • It ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs.
119
Q

PERSONAL OS

A
  • Microsoft PC Operating Systems
  • Apple Computer Operating Systems
  • Linux
120
Q

WORKGROUP OS

A
  • Windows Server
  • Red Hat Linux
  • UNIX
  • Mac OS X Server
  • NetWare
121
Q

ENTERPRISE OS

A

z/OS
HP-UX and Linux

122
Q

Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system. It also help computer systems run better and longer without problems.
* merge and sort sets of data,
* keep track of computer jobs being run, and
* compress files of data before they are stored or transmitted over a network .

A

Utility Programs

123
Q

TYPES OF UTILITY PROGRAMS

A
  • Hardware Utilities
  • File-Compression Utilities
  • Spam and Pop-Up Blocker Utilities
  • Security Utilities
  • Network and Internet Utilities
  • Server and Mainframe Utilities
124
Q
  • A software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data.
  • It can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems (a previous, major version that continues to be used).
A

Middleware

125
Q
  • not in the public domain.
  • cannot be used by the public.
A

Proprietary Software

126
Q

can be purchased or acquired in a store.

A

Off-the-Shelf Software

127
Q

A defect in a computer program that keeps it from performing as it is designed to perform.
Some software bugs are obvious and cause the program to terminate unexpectedly.
Other bugs are subtler and allow errors to creep into your work.

A

Software Bugs

128
Q

Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions.
* In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers.
* In other cases, you pay for your usage—if you use the software more, you pay more.

A

Copyrights and Licenses

129
Q

Permits you to install the software on one computer, or sometimes two computers, used by one person.

A

Single-user license

130
Q
  • Specifies the number of users allowed to use the software, and can be installed on each user’s computer.
  • For example, a 20-user license can be installed on 20 computers for 20 users.
A

Multiuser license

131
Q

Designed for network-distributed software, this license allows any number of users to use the software, but only a specific number of users to use it at the same time.

A

Concurrent-user license

132
Q

Permits the software to be used anywhere on a particular site, such as a college campus, by everyone on the site.

A

Site license

133
Q
  • Is freely available to anyone in a form that can be easily modified.
  • Users can download the source code and build the software themselves, or the software developers can make executable versions available along with the source.
A

Open-Source Software

134
Q

Software that is very inexpensive or free, but whose source code cannot be modified.

A

Shareware and Freeware

135
Q

A software that is not protected by copyright laws and can be freely copied and used.

A

Public Domain Software

2nd Year - 2nd Semester (42 decks)

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