SS 1D - Module 1 - 3 Flashcards
Chapter 1 - 3
What is globalization?
* Broad and Inclusive
Globalization means the onset of the borderless world.
* Narrow and Exclusive
The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these process and the internationalizing of the state…making states into agencies of the globalizing world.
- refers to a
multidimensional set of social processesthat create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant (McGrew, 2003). - as a phenomenon
gave rise to the interconnectedness of human societythat replaced the sovereign state system with multilateral system of global governance (Justine Rosenberg).
Globalization
- From the lens of
Ritzer (2008), he described this phenomenon as thespread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life. The interconnectedness of social segments from macro institutions to the smallest sectors of the world have coincided the fabrics of globalization. - as a theory lies in the works of many 19th and 20th century scholars and intellectuals like Karl Marx, MacKinder, and Robertson who began to introduce the term “
globality”.
Globalization
- However, it was in the 1960’s and 1970’s when this term
gained worldwide attention. - simply puts it as a
social process of reshaping and remaking the world order. - The perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition.
Globalization
Forces and drivers of globalization
- Technology
- Economics
- Politics
- Individuals and Institutions
- Environment
- Culture
Qualities and characteristics of globalization
Creation and Multiplication of social networks and cultural activities which break the traditional norms and practices in the political, economic, and cultural realms of most communities
* New social networks and cultural activities emerge, changing traditional norms in politics, economics, and culture.Expansion and Stretching of social operations and connections which is seen in the financial markets and trading operations around the globe. (Examples: World Trade Organization, ASEAN Economic Community, World Economic Forum and European Union)
* Global connections grow, especially in trade and finance, as seen in organizations like WTO, ASEAN, and the EU.Intensification and Acceleration of human activities which describes the process of world and individual connection works.
* Human interactions and global connections speed up, making the world more interconnected.Consciousness and Awareness. People, as the primary actors of globalization are the front liners as reflected in their experiences. The human consciousness is critical on how they impact the growing outcomes and markets of globalization.
* People play a key role in globalization, shaping its impact through their experiences and decisions.
Is Globalization the same as Westernization?
NO. The concept of Westernization is deeply rooted in the Western World where often associated with the Western culture and values (Sairin, 2011). This concept is famously used in referring the western value system and it influences countries outside its territory and sovereignty. The political, economic, and technological prowess of United States and European countries are best described in the idea of Westernization.Westernization is when non-Western countries adopt Western ways.Globalization is when the whole world becomes more connected and influences each other.
Three Sociological Perspective Used in Explaining Globalization
- Realism
- Liberalism
- Idealism
- The realist perspective explaining globalization focuses on the
shifting distribution of poweramong states (Walt, 1998 and Synder, 2004). - They explained that the core idea of dominating the world through the
employment of power. - However, realists warn that countries may suffer, and struggle to maintain its power it will be overreached and used wrongly.
Realism
* Realists argue that countries open their economies to the world is because of two contending reasons:
-
Financial returnsof expanding markets offer new economic opportunities to the capitalist (origin country). (Examples: McDonald’s, Chevron, Ford, Coca-Cola, Citibank, Microsoft, and H&M) - The
continued centrality of political power and military strengthare obvious forces of interdependence and realistic behavior of the more and most powerful countries. - Realists see
economic alliance and corporationas medium of flourishing activities under favorable security conditions. Economies tend to forge partnership if they see advantages from other countries. In some cases, political-military alliances are sometimes used especially within the bipolar world where economic power is utilized to strengthen military capability.
- is a perspective in international relations where
actors and institutions emphasize relationships, and negotiations. - observe the importance of interaction and communication and focus on
solving problems and conflicts affecting them - This idea is very evident in countries where
democratic governance and institutions **play major roles**in maintaining national cohesiveness in managing domestic and international affairs. - Liberalists believe that to avoid international conflict and problems, and negotiations and dialogues are potential mechanisms in confronting issues among parties.
-
Three Factors that describe the Transformation of Political-Economic
Structure and Development of Global Interconnectedness:
o Spread of Democracy and Institutions
o Global Economic Ties
o International Organizations
Liberalism
* Three Factors that describe the Transformation of Political-Economic Structure and Development of Global Interconnectedness:
o Spread of Democracy and Institutions
o Global Economic Ties
o International Organizations
- and constructivist hold the notion that
values, and norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the process and works of individuals, group, and nations. -
Alexander WendtandHugh Ruggieare the two most prominent founders of this school of thought. - presents the changing norms and evolutions of individuals, groups, and states with the goal of influencing the dynamics and pattern of social structure.
- Furthermore, they value the importance of “appropriateness” and “transparency” in reshaping and framing rules affecting the general welfare of its members, may it be individual or collective. Idealists emphasize appropriate policies and decisions during the state of conflict as it advances the moral aspects and ethical dynamics of actions.
Idealism
are non-material entities of culture; it embodies one’s perception of his social world or environment. It defines on how values, norms, and beliefs are used by governments and institutions in hold and exercising of power (Nau, 2008).
* Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People:
1. Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power.
2. The fast pace of technological change
3. Dispersed knowledge and technology.
Ideas
* Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People:
- Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power.
- The fast pace of technological change
- Dispersed knowledge and technology.
as a product of technological advancement have rendered national borders irrelevant in international system. Discoveries and changes in science and technology make markets around the world a borderless contact, making the global economic structure more intertwined.
Innovation
consist norms, set of activities, and regulate structures that provide meaning and stability to the social behavior of a group (Peter, 2012).
Norms like the rules, guidelines, programs, and the types of activities constitute the operation of an institution. They are understood as structures that are parts of a society.
Institutions
Meyer and Rowan (1977) describe the ___________ as a symbolic manifestation on the needs of society. The actions and behavior of the group members can change and alter the movement of community and its people.
A different view explained by Giddens (1979), states that institutions will not be recognized as institutions if they do not shape the behavior of individuals.
formation of institution
is directed by two important institutions: political and economic institutions.
Global governance
are classified intergovernmental organizations that are formed by national governments. These are international formal organizations that set rules and with the purpose of regulating the flow of communication and movement of resources.
International institutions
o Development of international networks
o Beginning of international fairs
o International relations through treaties and agreements in Europe
o Establishment of International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863
o Significant development in communication and transportation
o Development of international competitions
o First World War
* First Phase (Mid 18th Century – 1870s)
o Establishment of League of Nations
o Global effect of Cold War
o Rise of Third World Countries in international arena
o Increased attention to humanitarian works and development aid
o Introduction of global icons and American consumerism
* Second Phase (1920s – 1960s)
o Establishment of global communication
o Increasing power and influence of international financial institutions
o Rapid rise of US and expansion of western investments and multinational firms
o End of Cold War
o Increase in social movement and global civil society
o Introduction of World Wide Web and continuous influence of telecommunications
o Rise of global attention to environmental concern and anti-globalization
* Third Phase (1960s – Present)
For a better grasp on the historical developments of globalization,___________ described the phases of globalization into three periods.
Thomas Friedman
- Period of
Mercantilism - Age of
Industrialization(rise of British Economy) - Inventions:
o Steam engine
o Printing press
o Railway system - Development of
Social Systems and Institutions:
o Government
o Education
o Exchange of goods within the region
Globalization 1.0 (1492 – 1800)
End of World War II- Age of
Pax Brittannica— was a period of relative peace in the world from 1815 to 1914. The phrase is Latin for “British peace”. - Formation of
Market Integration and Institutionalizations of major economic activities in global market
Globalization 2.0 (1800 – 1950)
- Period of Technology and Internet
- Age of Information
- Intensification of
trade worldwideand development of Multinational corporations - New players and prominent economic actors:
o China
o ASEAN
o European Union
o Japan
o South Korea
Globalization 3.0 (1950 – 2000)
World War II Alliances
Axis Powers
* Germany
* Italy
* Japan
Allied Powers
* Great Britain
* France
* Russia
* U.S.
In time, countries from around the globe joined in the fight, but some remained neutral.
he described the globalization as intensification of worldwide social relations. The global economic activity is the most obvious face of this phenomenon where economic activities have immense effect to other global operations such as governments, education, and technology.
Anthony Giddens
Three dimensions of globalization
- World Military
- Nation-state System
- World Capitalist Economy
-
Strengthening military poweris the priority of the first world countries as well as the developing and third world countries. - Budget allotted by governments to defense and military surged hundred folds with the aim of delivering world-class defense operation and services to its people.
- US maintains the rank as the world’s most powerful military in terms of military spending (SIPRI, 2017).
World Military
-
Sovereigntyof states has been emphasized as a primary part ofindependence and autonomy. - The concept of
sovereigntyin a globalized world is understood as the best form of asserting the existence and operation of a state in order to be recognized. - It has been used as a
major political unit in international relations. - Nation-states have the
right to make their own collective objectives.
Nation-state System
-
Primary force of globalization. -
Capitalist states are the
main engines of global productionand distribution of goods and services. - Capitalists
engage in transnational operationmaintaining pool of resources such as labor and capital. -
Multinational corporations are
very powerful in controlling domestic and foreign market.
World Capitalist Economy
There were number of interpretations on the origin of Cold
- The conflict was cause by aggressive behavior and domestic policies of Soviet Union prompting other countries especially the US to react.
- The cold war was a result of the US economic system of expansionist-capitalism.
- The war was a consequence of security response from the two countries on the power vacuum and threat of central Europe.
During Cold War
First World
* United States
* United Kingdom
* Japan
* Western
* European Countries
Second World
* Soviet Union
* China
* Estonia
* Lithuania
* Half of Germany
* Vietnam
* North Korea
* Cuba
Third World
* Neutral and non-aligned Countries
Powerful economies having stable governments, robust financial markets, and advanced and modern infrastructures, low poverty, and high standard of living.
First World
The idea of world order is associated with the role of political and military power during the Cold War. The communist countries of the Second World are found to be trapped between poverty and prosperity.
Second World
Countries are described as less developed and developing economies or global south. Most of the countries have experienced colonialism from the Western World.
Third World
