SS 1D - Module 1 - 3

Question 1

What is globalization?

Answer 1

* Broad and Inclusive
Globalization means the onset of the borderless world.
* Narrow and Exclusive
The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these process and the internationalizing of the state…making states into agencies of the globalizing world.

Question 2

• refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant (McGrew, 2003).
• as a phenomenon gave rise to the interconnectedness of human society that replaced the sovereign state system with multilateral system of global governance (Justine Rosenberg).

Answer 2

Globalization

Question 3

• From the lens of Ritzer (2008), he described this phenomenon as the spread of worldwide practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life. The interconnectedness of social segments from macro institutions to the smallest sectors of the world have coincided the fabrics of globalization.
• as a theory lies in the works of many 19th and 20th century scholars and intellectuals like Karl Marx, MacKinder, and Robertson who began to introduce the term “globality”.

Answer 3

Globalization

Question 4

• However, it was in the 1960’s and 1970’s when this term gained worldwide attention.
• simply puts it as a social process of reshaping and remaking the world order.
• The perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition.

Answer 4

Globalization

Question 5

Forces and drivers of globalization

Answer 5

• Technology
• Economics
• Politics
• Individuals and Institutions
• Environment
• Culture

Question 6

Qualities and characteristics of globalization

Answer 6

Creation and Multiplication of social networks and cultural activities which break the traditional norms and practices in the political, economic, and cultural realms of most communities
* New social networks and cultural activities emerge, changing traditional norms in politics, economics, and culture.
Expansion and Stretching of social operations and connections which is seen in the financial markets and trading operations around the globe. (Examples: World Trade Organization, ASEAN Economic Community, World Economic Forum and European Union)
* Global connections grow, especially in trade and finance, as seen in organizations like WTO, ASEAN, and the EU.
Intensification and Acceleration of human activities which describes the process of world and individual connection works.
* Human interactions and global connections speed up, making the world more interconnected.
Consciousness and Awareness. People, as the primary actors of globalization are the front liners as reflected in their experiences. The human consciousness is critical on how they impact the growing outcomes and markets of globalization.
* People play a key role in globalization, shaping its impact through their experiences and decisions.

Question 7

Is Globalization the same as Westernization?

Answer 7

NO. The concept of Westernization is deeply rooted in the Western World where often associated with the Western culture and values (Sairin, 2011). This concept is famously used in referring the western value system and it influences countries outside its territory and sovereignty. The political, economic, and technological prowess of United States and European countries are best described in the idea of Westernization.
Westernization is when non-Western countries adopt Western ways.
Globalization is when the whole world becomes more connected and influences each other.

Question 8

Three Sociological Perspective Used in Explaining Globalization

Answer 8

• Realism
• Liberalism
• Idealism

Question 9

• The realist perspective explaining globalization focuses on the shifting distribution of power among states (Walt, 1998 and Synder, 2004).
• They explained that the core idea of dominating the world through the employment of power.
• However, realists warn that countries may suffer, and struggle to maintain its power it will be overreached and used wrongly.

Answer 9

Realism

Question 10

* Realists argue that countries open their economies to the world is because of two contending reasons:

Answer 10

1. Financial returns of expanding markets offer new economic opportunities to the capitalist (origin country). (Examples: McDonald’s, Chevron, Ford, Coca-Cola, Citibank, Microsoft, and H&M)
2. The continued centrality of political power and military strength are obvious forces of interdependence and realistic behavior of the more and most powerful countries.
3. Realists see economic alliance and corporation as medium of flourishing activities under favorable security conditions. Economies tend to forge partnership if they see advantages from other countries. In some cases, political-military alliances are sometimes used especially within the bipolar world where economic power is utilized to strengthen military capability.

Question 11

• is a perspective in international relations where actors and institutions emphasize relationships, and negotiations.
• observe the importance of interaction and communication and focus on solving problems and conflicts affecting them
• This idea is very evident in countries where democratic governance and institutions **play major roles** in maintaining national cohesiveness in managing domestic and international affairs.
• Liberalists believe that to avoid international conflict and problems, and negotiations and dialogues are potential mechanisms in confronting issues among parties.
• Three Factors that describe the Transformation of Political-Economic
  Structure and Development of Global Interconnectedness:
  o Spread of Democracy and Institutions
  o Global Economic Ties
  o International Organizations

Answer 11

Liberalism

Question 12

* Three Factors that describe the Transformation of Political-Economic Structure and Development of Global Interconnectedness:

Answer 12

o Spread of Democracy and Institutions
o Global Economic Ties
o International Organizations

Question 13

• and constructivist hold the notion that values, and norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the process and works of individuals, group, and nations.
• Alexander Wendt and Hugh Ruggie are the two most prominent founders of this school of thought.
• presents the changing norms and evolutions of individuals, groups, and states with the goal of influencing the dynamics and pattern of social structure.
• Furthermore, they value the importance of “appropriateness” and “transparency” in reshaping and framing rules affecting the general welfare of its members, may it be individual or collective. Idealists emphasize appropriate policies and decisions during the state of conflict as it advances the moral aspects and ethical dynamics of actions.

Answer 13

Idealism

Question 14

are non-material entities of culture; it embodies one’s perception of his social world or environment. It defines on how values, norms, and beliefs are used by governments and institutions in hold and exercising of power (Nau, 2008).
* Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People:
1. Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power.
2. The fast pace of technological change
3. Dispersed knowledge and technology.

Answer 14

Ideas

Question 15

* Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and People:

Answer 15

1. Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power.
2. The fast pace of technological change
3. Dispersed knowledge and technology.

Question 16

as a product of technological advancement have rendered national borders irrelevant in international system. Discoveries and changes in science and technology make markets around the world a borderless contact, making the global economic structure more intertwined.

Answer 16

Innovation

Question 17

consist norms, set of activities, and regulate structures that provide meaning and stability to the social behavior of a group (Peter, 2012).
Norms like the rules, guidelines, programs, and the types of activities constitute the operation of an institution. They are understood as structures that are parts of a society.

Answer 17

Institutions

Question 18

Meyer and Rowan (1977) describe the ___________ as a symbolic manifestation on the needs of society. The actions and behavior of the group members can change and alter the movement of community and its people.
A different view explained by Giddens (1979), states that institutions will not be recognized as institutions if they do not shape the behavior of individuals.

Answer 18

formation of institution

Question 19

is directed by two important institutions: political and economic institutions.

Answer 19

Global governance

Question 20

are classified intergovernmental organizations that are formed by national governments. These are international formal organizations that set rules and with the purpose of regulating the flow of communication and movement of resources.

Answer 20

International institutions

Question 21

o Development of international networks
o Beginning of international fairs
o International relations through treaties and agreements in Europe
o Establishment of International Committee of the Red Cross in 1863
o Significant development in communication and transportation
o Development of international competitions
o First World War

Answer 21

* First Phase (Mid 18th Century – 1870s)

Question 22

o Establishment of League of Nations
o Global effect of Cold War
o Rise of Third World Countries in international arena
o Increased attention to humanitarian works and development aid
o Introduction of global icons and American consumerism

Answer 22

* Second Phase (1920s – 1960s)

Question 23

o Establishment of global communication
o Increasing power and influence of international financial institutions
o Rapid rise of US and expansion of western investments and multinational firms
o End of Cold War
o Increase in social movement and global civil society
o Introduction of World Wide Web and continuous influence of telecommunications
o Rise of global attention to environmental concern and anti-globalization

Answer 23

* Third Phase (1960s – Present)

Question 24

 For a better grasp on the historical developments of globalization,___________ described the phases of globalization into three periods.

Answer 24

Thomas Friedman

Question 25

* Period of `Mercantilism` * Age of `Industrialization` (rise of British Economy) * Inventions: o Steam engine o Printing press o Railway system * Development of `Social Systems and Institutions`: o Government o Education o Exchange of goods within the region

Answer 25

**Globalization 1.0 (1492 – 1800)**

Question 26

* `End of World War II` * Age of `Pax Brittannica` --- was a period of relative peace in the world from 1815 to 1914. The phrase is Latin for "**British peace**". * Formation of `Market Integratio`n and Institutionalizations of major economic activities in global market

Answer 26

**Globalization 2.0 (1800 – 1950)**

Question 27

* Period of Technology and Internet * Age of Information * Intensification of `trade worldwide` and development of Multinational corporations * New players and prominent economic actors: o China o ASEAN o European Union o Japan o South Korea

Answer 27

**Globalization 3.0 (1950 – 2000)**

Question 28

**World War II Alliances**

Answer 28

**Axis Powers** * Germany * Italy * Japan **Allied Powers** * Great Britain * France * Russia * U.S. `In time, countries from around the globe joined in the fight, but some remained neutral.`

Question 29

he described the globalization as `intensification of worldwide social relations`. The global economic activity is the most obvious face of this phenomenon where economic activities have immense effect to other global operations such as governments, education, and technology.

Answer 29

**Anthony Giddens**

Question 30

**Three dimensions of globalization**

Answer 30

* World Military * Nation-state System * World Capitalist Economy

Question 31

* `Strengthening military power` is the priority of the first world countries as well as the developing and third world countries. * Budget allotted by governments to defense and military surged hundred folds with the aim of delivering world-class defense operation and services to its people. * US maintains the rank as the world's most powerful military in terms of military spending (SIPRI, 2017).

Answer 31

**World Military**

Question 32

* `Sovereignty` of states has been emphasized as a primary part of `independence and autonomy`. * The concept of `sovereignty` in a globalized world is understood as the best form of asserting the existence and operation of a state in order to be recognized. * It has been used as a `major political unit in international relations`. * Nation-states have the `right to make their own collective objectives`.

Answer 32

**Nation-state System**

Question 33

* `Primary force of globalization`. * **Capitalist states** are the `main engines of global production` and distribution of goods and services. * Capitalists `engage in transnational operation` maintaining pool of resources such as labor and capital. * **Multinational corporations** are `very powerful in controlling domestic and foreign market.`

Answer 33

**World Capitalist Economy**

Question 34

 **There were number of interpretations on the origin of Cold**

Answer 34

1. The conflict was cause by aggressive behavior and domestic policies of Soviet Union prompting other countries especially the US to react. 2. The cold war was a result of the US economic system of expansionist-capitalism. 3. The war was a consequence of security response from the two countries on the power vacuum and threat of central Europe.

Question 35

**During Cold War**

Answer 35

**First World** * United States * United Kingdom * Japan * Western * European Countries **Second World** * Soviet Union * China * Estonia * Lithuania * Half of Germany * Vietnam * North Korea * Cuba **Third World** * Neutral and non-aligned Countries

Question 36

`Powerful economies` having stable governments, robust financial markets, and `advanced and modern infrastructures`, low poverty, and `high standard of living`.

Answer 36

**First World**

Question 37

The idea of world order is associated with the role of `political and military power` during the Cold War. The communist countries of the Second World are found to be trapped `between poverty and prosperity`.

Answer 37

**Second World**

Question 38

Countries are described as `less developed and developing economies` or global south. Most of the countries have experienced `colonialism` from the Western World.

Answer 38

**Third World**