GE ELECT 4 - Module 7

Question 1

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Answer 1

What happens during the Industrial Revolution?

1. Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water, human and animal labor.
2. Organization: factories over cottage industries
3. Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturing increases
4. Transportation: trains, automobiles replace animals, watercraft

Question 2

The effects of Industrial Revolution cannot be understated. It changed how and where people lived as well as their environments.

People could no longer get work in rural areas and were forced to move to cities to find work in factories.

Many working class women joined the workforce to support their families.

Rapid urbanization resulted in dirty, crowded cities with poor sanitation that encouraged the spread of disease.

Skilled workers, such as weavers, were replaced by machines that could do the work faster.

New inventions allowed for mass production of goods like cloth.

Factory conditions were poor; work was often dangerous, and pay was often low. Factory owners became rich, while the poor working class struggled to make enough money for basic necessities.

Environmental pollution increased.

Answer 2

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Question 3

• The change from a farming economy to a machine economy. The “modernizing” of a place.
• is a transformation away from an agricultural- or resource-based economy, toward an economy based on mechanized manufacturing.
• is usually associated with a greater average income and improved living standards.

Answer 3

Industrialization

Question 4

• Making products with employees as quickly as possible.
• The system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments.

Answer 4

FACTORY SYSTEM

Question 5

WHY DID INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGIN IN ENGLAND FIRST?

Answer 5

1. Markets: England had many overseas colonies (markets)
2. Population:
   skilled workers
   wealthy entrepreneurs
   vast number of laborers (workers)
3. Agricultural Changes:
   Enclosure Acts tenant farmers forced off the farms; moved to cities (urban areas) to find work in factories.
4. Natural Resources:
   coal, iron ore
   good harbors, canals
   colonies had raw materials - lumber, cotton
5. Government:
   stable & unified country; Parliament; Limited Monarchy
   fair taxes & solid banking system
6. Other Factors:
   Island - isolated; had not been through devastating wars
   capitalist economy
   encouraged science and research

Question 6

pitted the young United States in a war against Great Britain, from whom the American colonies had won their independence in 1783.

When the British interfered with American trade, the Americans had to create their own factories instead of relying on Europe

Answer 6

The War of 1812

Question 7

HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION LEAD TO POLLUTION?

Answer 7

These factors led to the depletion of natural resources. Factories would spew smog and soot into the air and release pollutants and chemicals directly into rivers and streams, resulting in increased air and water pollution. The Industrial Revolution saw an increased use of fossil fuels, including coal.

• Early factories polluted a lot.
• Cities in the 1800s were incredibly polluted.
• Living conditions were usually very bad.

Question 8

, lethal SMOG that covered the city of London for five days (December 5–9) in 1952, caused by a combination of industrial pollution and high-pressure weather conditions.

Answer 8

Great Smog of London

Question 9

Emission of carbon dioxide, methane and other waste products that pollute the air and are believed to contribute to global climate change. Global cement industry contribute 5% of global carbon dioxide emission.

Answer 9

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Question 10

This results in a large amount of hazardous household waste that is often irresponsibly discarded in trash. When electronics are not recycled properly, the raw materials them leech toxic chemicals into the ground, spoiling both water and food supply for decades, at least.

Answer 10

ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY

Question 11

Climate changes across the global fertilizers consists of substances and chemicals like methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrogen, the emission of which has contributed to a great extent in the quantity of greenhouse gases present in the environment.
This in turn is leading to global warming and weather changes.

Answer 11

CHEMICALS INDUSTRY

Question 12

During the production of textiles a large amount of energy is used to power the factories. This then creates more pollution such as carbon dioxide.
Dyeing, bleaching or adding finishes to fabrics often involve using highly toxic chemicals. Water used in process is pumped into rivers and sewage offering wildlife and humans. Growing raw materials such as cotton requires large amounts of pesticides. These pesticides are harmful and often affect birds, the water system and insects.

Answer 12

TEXTILES INDUSTRY

Question 13

Water pollution, Loss of Biodiversity, Soil erosion and pollution, Formation of sink holes.

Answer 13

MINING INDUSTRY

Question 14

Food accounts for over a quarter (26%) of global gas emissions.
Half of the world’s habitable (ice and desert free) land is used for agriculture.

Answer 14

FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY

Question 15

HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION LEAD TO URBANIZATION?

Answer 15

People started to move close to their factory jobs. This movement led to bigger cities. Urbanization is an effect of Industrialization.

Industrialization is the process that takes an agricultural economy and transforms it into a manufacturing one. Mass production and assembly lines replace manual and specialized laborers. The process has historically led to urbanization by creating economic growth and job opportunities that draw people to cities.

Question 16

is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city.

Answer 16

Urbanization

Question 17

• is the region surrounding a city.
• Most inhabitants of urban areas have nonagricultural jobs.
• are very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways.
• can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs.

Answer 17

urban area

Question 18

URBAN vs RURAL

Answer 18

Urban
* High Population Density
* More than 2500 people
* City

Rural
* Low Population Density
* Less than 2500 people
* Countryside
* Agricultural

Question 19

• is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Answer 19

Urban Growth

Question 20

• can be defined as urban development with low-density housing, both residential and commercial, segregated land-use, high level of automobile use combined with lack of public transport, which is in high demand for land (Johnson, 2001).

Answer 20

Urban Sprawl

Question 21

• is a place where people live just outside of a city or town. There are lots of houses in suburban areas, but not as many other buildings as urban areas—maybe just one or two small shops or stores.

Answer 21

Suburb

Question 22

PULL vs PUSH FACTORS

Answer 22

Pull factors – better jobs, cheaper housing, more resources, better education.

Push factors – poor education, medical, religious, cultural

Question 23

An occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas. The difference in temperature between urban and less-developed rural areas has to do with how well the surfaces in each environment absorb and hold heat.
- occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas.

Answer 23

urban heat island

Question 24

IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION

Answer 24

Air Quality- Human activities release a wide range of emissions into the environment including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, lead, and many other pollutants.

Changes in Patterns of Precipitation- Cities often receive more rain than the surrounding countryside since dust can provoke the condensation of water vapor into rain droplets.

Pollution - Pollutants are often dispersed across cities or concentrated in industrial areas or waste sites. Lead- based paint used on roads and highways and on buildings is one such example of a widely dispersed pollutant that found its way into soil.

Erosion and other changes in land quality- Rapid development can result in very high levels of erosion and sedimentation in river channels.

Degraded Water Quality- The water quality has degraded with time due to urbanization that ultimately leads to increased sedimentation there by also increasing the pollutant in run-off.

Flow of Water through Streams - Higher, faster peak flows change streams channels that have evolved over centuries under natural conditions. Flooding can be a major problem as cities grow and stream channels attempt to keep up with these changes.

Destruction of Habitats- There is also complete eradication of habitats as an outcome of urbanization and native species are pushed out of cities.

Creation of New Habitats- New habitats are also created for some native and non-native species. Cities also create habitats for some species considered pests, such as pigeons, sparrows, rats, mice, flies and mosquitoes. Urbanization has, for example, eliminated many bat colonies in caves, but has provided sites such as bridges for these species to nest.