Spring Final Exams Flashcards
1
Q
Since viruses don’t contain organelles they are referred to as ….
A
noncellular
(not alive)
2
Q
What is the component of fungal cell walls?
A
chitin
3
Q
Exit hole for indigested waste for the human
A
anus
3
Q
Adds a shell around 2-3 eggs as they move caudally toward the uterus
A
shell gland
3
Q
Sends visual stimuli to the optic lobe
A
Optic nerve
3
Q
Kingdoms in the 1950’s
A
plantae
animalia
protista
fungi
monera
3
Q
What are archaebacteria called that live in environments with no oxygen?
A
methanogens
3
Q
Which type of modified stem is this underground horizontal stem an example of?
A
Rhizome
(ginger plant)
3
Q
Collectively what are the parts of the male gametophytes of an angiosperm called?
A
stamen
3
Q
If the filaments are below the females pistil the flower is pollinated by ____
A
animals
4
Q
What are archaebacteria called that live in environments that are extremely hot and acidic?
A
thermoacidophiles
5
Q
During reproduction with gametes and the asexual phase, what is formed during two consecutive rounds of mitosis?
A
4 zoospores
6
Q
Site of fertilization
A
oviduct
6
Q
Which type of infections target the tissues and organs of the body?
A
systemic
7
Q
Removes salt from the shark’s body
A
rectal gland
8
Q
Defining characterist for the plantae kingdom during the two kingdom system
A
sessile
9
Q
During alternation of generations, which generation is diploid?
A
sporophyte generation
10
Q
Term used to refer to vision
A
optic
10
Q
What are disease causing bacteria referred as?
A
parasitic or pathogenic
10
Q
What is the body of the fungus called?
A
mycelium
10
Q
Which protists use pseudopodia?
A
Sarcodines
10
Q
During reproduction with gametes, + and - gametes fuse to form a _____
A
zygote with hardens into a zygospore
10
Q
Which protist is this?
A
Chlamydomonas
Plant-like
Chlorophyta
11
Q
Caudal to the small intestines in the human
A
large intestine
12
Which type of viruses attacks bacteria?
bacteriophage
12
In basidiomycetes what lines the gills and produces spores during sexual reproduction?
basidia
13
Caudal to the spiral intestine
rectum
14
Caudal to the mouth
pharynx
15
Present day kingdom whose organims were once classified as plants during the three kingdom.
fungi
(because they mostly grow out of the ground)
16
What is the alternate name for a mushroom?
toadstool
18
Fins on the backside
dorsal fins
19
How is giardiasis and amoebic dysentary contracted?
indirect transmission
20
Drains the urea from the kidneys in the male sharks
accessory ducts
21
What is the niche of archaebacteria?
play a role in the creation of natural gas either in the Earth's crust or within the digestive tracts of animals.
22
Where is the DNA in a bacterium found?
within the cytoplasm
23
For a virus that hides out in the body, where does it re-enter lytic replication?
at the synthesis phase
24
During alternation of generations, what does the diploid sporophyte generation create during periods of environmental stress?
spores
(by meiosis therefore spores are haploid)
25
Which line of defense does your skin fall within?
1st
28
For a virus such as HIV, where during the lytic process does it leave and enter into lysogenic replication
It leave lytic after the penetration step and enter at combination in lysogenic
29
Which tissue transports substances thoughout the plant?
Vascular tissue
30
Which ground tissue cell allows a plant to be flexible?
collenchyma
32
location of the gallbladder
dorsal side of the medial lobe of the liver
34
Drains the urea from the kidneys in the female shark
Wollfian Ducts
36
What type of protist undergoes alternation of generation?
Ulva
| (multicellular)
38
Which type of ground tissue cell is this of?
collenchyma
| (thicker at the corners)
41
What gland makes digestive enzymes for the spiral intestine?
pancrease
42
Main artery coming out of the heart of the shark
conus arteriosus
43
Which line of defense does a fever fall within?
2nd
| (inflammatory response)
45
Where the pups exit out of the female
cloaca
47
Gestation period for the shark
two years
49
Excretory structures that both the male and female sharks have in common
kidneys
rectal gland
cloaca
51
Which gound tissue cells stores water and is the site of photosynthesis?
parenchyma
53
An order is broken down into similar
families
54
Two taxa used in the scientific name
genus and species
55
Found within the spiral intestines these help absorb nutrients for the shark.
spiral valves
56
Nervous system parts considered the hindbrain
Optic nerve
Optic lobe
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
57
A kingdom is broken down into similar
phyla
58
Connects the forebrain and the hindbrain
diencephalon
59
What is the alternate name for Deuteromycetes and what is the etymology of the name?
Imperfect Fungi
Relates to the fact that they have not been observed to reproduce sexually hense imperfect
60
What are fungal cells called?
hyphae
61
What is the proper way to write the scietific name according to the rules of binomial nomenclature?
genus is capitalized
species lowecase
Both names are underline if hand written
If typed both names are italicized
62
Which protist is this?
Arcella
Animal-like
Sarcodina
63
Prior to binary fission what must occur within the bacterium?
DNA replication
64
Openings that take in water and remove chemical scents from the water
Nostril nares
65
Coordinates muscular movement
Cerebellum
66
Which type of genetic recombination involves a virus?
transduction
67
After double fertilization what becomes of the ovule
Turns into a seed
68
Defining characteristic for the protista kindgdom during the three kingdom system
microscopic
69
Opening where food enters the shark
mouth
70
Vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the body
sinus venosus
71
List the three tissues of the plant that make up the roots, stems and leaves of a plant.
dermal
ground
vascular
72
Number of lobes for the shark liver
3
two long lateral lobes and one short medial lobe
73
Back fin closest to the head
cranial dorsal fin
74
Location where chemical digestion begin in the human
mouth
75
What type of nucleus is exchanged during conjugation?
micronucleus
76
Separates the specimen into equal left and right sections
midsagittal plane
77
Stores urine before it is excreted out through the cloaca
urinary vesicle
78
What opens the stomata during gas exchange to allow for photosynthesis?
Guard cells when they are turgid (high osmotic pressure)
79
Towards the head
cranial
80
What is the only organelle that bacteria contain?
Ribosomes
rRNA
81
Lobe of tail fin on the back side
Dorsal Lobe of the Caudal Fin
82
In a lichen, what is believed to be the third "wheel" in the relationship?
bacteria
| (role not fully understood)
83
Nervous system parts considered in the forebrain
Olfactory sac
Olfactory tract
Olfactory lobe
cerebrum
84
Similar orders make up a
class
85
Which line of defense targets a specific pathogen?
3rd
86
Which protist is this?
Euglena
plant-like
Euglenophyta
87
Which vascular tissue transports water up the plant?
Xylem
| (trahceids and vessel elements)
88
Towards the middle
medial
89
Detects movement in the water
lateral line system
90
What fungi are referred as since they break down dead or decaying organic matter?
saphrophyte
91
Which system of the plant anchors the plant?
Root system
92
What is the niche of eubacteria within our biosphere?
Decompose organic matter and return the nutrients to the environment.
93
Which plant organ photosynthesizes?
leaf
94
Found within the stomach these aid in the breakdown of the food into a liquidy substance
rugae
95
What type of environments are ideal for protists?
Moist
freshwater, blood or marine environments
96
Appear as coiled tubules ventral to the kidneys
ductus deferens
97
What type of protist undergoes reproduction with gametes?
Chlamydomonas
| (unicellular)
98
Which type of tropism is the shoot of this plant exhibitting?
negative geotropism
| (growing away from gravity)
99
What shape bacteria are these?
cocci
100
Which type of angiosperm is this an exaple of?
Monocot
| (flower parts in multiples of 3)
101
Cranial to the spiral intestines
stomach
102
During alternation of generations, what do the haploid spores create during periods of environmental stress?
male and female gametophytes
(haploid spores divide by mitosis into haploid gametophytes)
103
Virues are extremely small, smaller than bacteria so they are known as....
submicroscopic
104
During the sexual phase of reproduction with gametes, the mature protist produces ______ instead of zoospores
+ and - gametes
105
Which vacular tissue transports a product of photosynthesis?
Phloem (moves glucose down the plant)
106
During angiosperm reproduction, the ovule is double feritized. What is formed during each of those fertilizations?
1st: zygote--\>embryo
2nd: endosperm (food)
107
Which protist is this?
Pandorina
Plant-like
Chlorophyta
108
Towards the backside
dorsal
109
What shape bacteria are these?
bacilli
110
Chewing of the food is known as
mastication
111
Kingdoms in the 1800's
plantae
Animalia
Protista
112
Sends chemical scents to the olfactory lobe
Olfactory tracts
113
Which protists are generally parasitic?
Sporozoans
114
Naming system develped by Linnaeus
Binomial Nomenclature
115
Where is bile used?
shark: spiral intestine
human: small intestine
116
Integrates and identifies the scents collected by the shark
Olfactory lobe
117
Long and flat and run the length of the shark's dorsal side from the pectoral fins to the pelvic fins.
kidneys
118
All viruses begin with which type of replication as they infect a cell?
lytic
119
When zoospores mature and the environments remains favorable what do they create?
4 more zoospores
120
Location where nutrients are absorbed in the shark
spiral intestine
121
Defining characteristics of the eubacteria kingdom during the 6 kingdom system.
prokaryotic
every day normal bacteria
122
In latin virus means....
poison
123
Which protists are unique in that they have shells made of silica?
Diatoms
Bacillariophyta
124
Linneaus' broadest level of classification
kingdom
125
The involuntary squeezing of the food through the GI tract is known as
peristalsis
126
Structures that release the semen sperm mixture into the female's cloaca
claspers
127
What are the three phases of integration during lysogenic replication?
combination
dormancy
reactivation
128
What is the outside most layer of an animal virus
envelope
129
In a mushroom what grows out of the stem?
cap
130
Eubacterians have unique cell walls in that they contain a layer of....
peptidoglycan
131
Add semen to the sperm
seminal vesicles
132
What type of sexual reproductive process involves the exchanging of DNA?
conjugation
133
After double fertilization what becomes of the ovary
becomes a fruit
134
Which tissue fills the interior of roots, stems and leaves?
Ground tissue
135
Opening where waste and pups exit the shark
cloaca
136
Which protists are multicellular?
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
137
When bacteria go through repetitive binary fission and grow in clumps, those clumps are known as
colonies
138
Where bile is stored in both the human and shark
gallbladder
139
What are some system infections?
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
140
Defining characteristics of the monera kingdom during the 5 kingdom systems
prokaryotic
microscopic
141
Kingdoms in the 1700's
animalia and plantae
142
Which type of viruses attacks plants?
helical viruses
143
During alternation of generations, what is the result of male and female gametes fusing together?
Zygote
(haploid gamete + haploid gamete = diploid zygote)
144
Extensions off the pelvic fins that identify the shark as a male
claspers
145
Kingdoms that monera split into
eubacteria and archaebacteria
146
Study of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
147
Senses changes in water temperature, pressure and weak electrical fields
ampullae of Lorenzini
148
How many lines of defense are there within your body?
3
149
What are the cells called that line the ascocarp in ascomycetes and that make the spores during sexual reproduction?
asci
| (ascus is the single form)
150
Collects vibrations
inner ear
151
What is the cup shaped structure calle of ascomycetes?
ascocarp
152
Sends signals to and from the brain
spinal cord
153
What can be taken to kill or treat a bacterial infection?
antibiotics
154
Creates eggs
Ovaries
155
In a mycorrhizal relationship, a fungus forms a growth with \_\_\_\_\_.
plant roots
156
Decides the course of action based on the chemical scent identifications
cerebrum
157
What is found on the underneath side of the cap?
gills
158
Which structures of a virus allow it to attach to a host cell?
Surface proteins of the capsid or envelope
(like a lock and key with host cell's surface proteins)
159
For both sexual and asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, what is formed that creates and releases spores?
sporangia
| (sporangium is singular)
160
During alternation of generations, what does the diploid zygote become when conditions become favorable once again?
sporophyte
(diploid zygote divides by mitosis into a diploid sphorophyte)
161
Which line of defense does your immune system fall within?
3rd
162
What are the pores within the epidermas called?
Stomata
163
Which type of fungal infections targets the skin?
superficial
| (generally caused by deuteromycetes)
164
Two types of fins that stabilize the shark
pelvic and dorsal fins
165
Collects chemical scents removed from the water by the nostril nares
Olfactory sac
166
How many protists do you start with and end with during conjugation?
2
167
Excretory structures unique to the male
Accessory ducts
168
What do ciliates and zooflagellates have that aids in the absorption of food?
oral grooves and gullets
169
Collects visual stimuli
eyes
170
What is found inside of a virus?
Nucleic acid
| (RNA or DNA)
171
What are archaebacteria called that live in extremely salty environments?
extreme halophiles
172
What are the three types of fungus-like protists
acellular slime molds
cellular slime molds
watermolds
173
Bellyside lobe of the tail fin
Ventral Lobe of the Caudal Fin
174
Fin that propels the shark forward
caudal fin
175
Which two protist diseases are caused by sporozoans?
Malaria
Giardiasis
176
Defining characteristics of the animalia kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems
multicellular only
heterotrophic
177
What is the alternate name for the stem?
shoot
178
What are some examples of superficial infections?
athlete's foot
favus
ringworm
yeast infections
179
During alternation of generations, which generation is haploid?
gametophyte generation
180
Fins that steer and lift the shark in the water
pectoral fins
181
Gland that makes bile for both the human and the shark
liver
182
Another name for the throat
pharynx
183
Defining characteristics of the protista kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems
eukarytotic
unicellular or multicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
184
Father of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaus
185
Tail fin
Caudal fin
186
Are fungi unicelluar or multicellular
multicelluar
| (yeast is only unicellular fungi)
187
Removes nitrogenous waste from the shark's blood
kidney
188
For fungi, what facilitates the dispersal of spores?
wind
animals
rain
189
Similar classes make up a
phylum
190
What are the 5 phases of lytic replication?
attachment
penetration
synthesis
assembly
release
191
Execretory structures unique to female sharks
Wollfian Ducts and Urinary Vesicle
192
Kingdom during the three kingdom system that bacteria used to be classfied within
protista
193
What is a nucleic acid core surrounded by a proten coat called?
a virus
194
Back fin closest to the tail
Caudal dorsal fins
195
Holes on the dorsal side of the shark
spiracles
196
What are the three types of ground tissue cells?
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
197
Which female gametophyte stucture is the site of pollination?
stigma
198
What is left on the stem as it accends up out of the mycelium?
ring
199
tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach in both the shark and the human
esophagus
200
Defining characteristics of the archaebacteria kingdom during the 6 kingdom system
prokaryotic
live in extreme/harsh environments similar to early Earth
201
What structure in protists may have evolved over time into the anus?
anal pore
202
Which stage is diploid during the reproduction of gametes process?
Zygote/zygospore stage
203
What is the only unicellular ascomycete?
yeast
204
What are the two main types of dermal tissue?
Epidermis
Hairs
205
Which type of tropism are the shoots of this plant exhibitting?
positive phototropism
| (growth toward light stimulus)
206
Towards the side; away from midline
lateral
207
Openings that allow water to enter when the mouth is closed
spiracles
208
Location where chemical digestion begins in the shark
stomach
209
Which fungal phylum is the least diverse?
Zygomycota
210
4 places that the cerebellum receives info from
lateral line
ampullae of Lorenzini
inner ear
spinal cord
211
Type of shark we are dissecting?
spiny dogfish shark
212
Site of ingestion
mouth
213
Used to identify an unknown organims
dichotomous key
214
Which protista phylum is most similar to present day simple plants?
Chlorophyta
215
What do sclerenchyma cells have in their cell walls
cellulose and lignin
216
What is absorbed in the large intestine of the human?
water
217
What are the two prokaryotic kingdoms?
archaebacteria and eubacteria
218
Which ground tissue cell give the plant it's strenght?
sclerenchyma
219
Cranial to the uterus
shell gland
220
During conjugation, what combines to form a new macronucleus in a recently conjugated paramecium?
2 micronuclei
(1 was its original and 1 is from the other protist)
221
Set of paired openings on the ventral side of the shark near the cranial end.
nostril nares
222
During alternation of generations, what does the haploid gametophyte generation create during periods of environmental stress?
gametes
(by mitosis therefore they are haploid)
223
Which phloem cells transports the substance around the plant?
Sieve tube members
| (controlled by companion cells)
224
What bacterial appendage allows it to stick to door handles?
pili
225
Why is the meaning behind the chlorophyta phlum name?
composed of chloroplasts and chloroplyll
226
Exit hole for indigested waste for the shark
cloaca
227
Chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
ventricle
228
Plane that separates the animal into cranial and caudal sections?
transverse
229
Identifies what the shark sees
optic lobe
230
What is the asexual reproductive process called that bacteria go through to make identical daughter cells?
Binary Fission
231
What are the skin cells of the plant called?
epidermal cells
232
Which tissue protects the plant?
Dermal
233
What is the ball shaped structure of a basidiomycete that ultimately grows into a stem called?
veil
234
The equivalent of the sprial valves but in the human
villi
235
Term used to refer to the sense of smell
olfactory
236
What connects two bacteria together during conjugation?
sex pilus
237
Defining characteristics of the plantae kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems
multicelluar
autotrophic
238
Which phylum of fungi is the most diverse?
Ascomycota
239
Which organs are found within the shoot system?
leaves and roots
240
Ventral most fins
pelvic fins
241
What in the stamen holds up the anther?;
filament
242
Lateral most fins
Pectoral fins
243
Chamber where blood enters the heart
atrium
244
How are the cell membranes different between the two bacterial kingdoms?
eubacteria- may have two cell membranes
arachaebacteria have special lipids that withstand the harsh conditions of their environment.
245
During transformation, what transport process provides the means for how the DNA will enter the bacterium?
phagocytosis
246
caudal to the ductus deferens
seminal vesicles
247
Towards the tail or feet
caudal
248
Similar species make up a
genus
249
Where does the foreign DNA come from during the following type of genetic recombination
bacteriophage
| (this is transduction)
250
The prokaryotic kingdom of the five kingdom system
monera
251
Site of egestion in the shark
Cloaca
252
Towards the belly side
ventral
253
Regulates the circulatory system
Medulla Oblongata
254
Since viruses are inactive outside of host cells and must invade cells in or to be active, they are known as
pathogens or parasites
255
Which type of viruses attacks animals
icosahedral viruses
256
Present day kingdoms
plantae
protista
animalia
eubacteria
archaebacteria
fungi
257
How many DNA molecules do bacteria have?
1
circular
258
During transformation, what is the DNA fragment called?
Plasmid
259
What is the cellularity of most protists?
unicellular
260
Which symbiotic relationship results from and alga and fungi living mutualistically together?
lichen
