Spring Final Exams Flashcards
Since viruses don’t contain organelles they are referred to as ….
noncellular
(not alive)
What is the component of fungal cell walls?
chitin
Exit hole for indigested waste for the human
anus
Adds a shell around 2-3 eggs as they move caudally toward the uterus
shell gland
Sends visual stimuli to the optic lobe
Optic nerve
Kingdoms in the 1950’s
plantae
animalia
protista
fungi
monera
What are archaebacteria called that live in environments with no oxygen?
methanogens
Which type of modified stem is this underground horizontal stem an example of?
Rhizome
(ginger plant)
Collectively what are the parts of the male gametophytes of an angiosperm called?
stamen
If the filaments are below the females pistil the flower is pollinated by ____
animals
What are archaebacteria called that live in environments that are extremely hot and acidic?
thermoacidophiles
During reproduction with gametes and the asexual phase, what is formed during two consecutive rounds of mitosis?
4 zoospores
Site of fertilization
oviduct
Which type of infections target the tissues and organs of the body?
systemic
Removes salt from the shark’s body
rectal gland
Defining characterist for the plantae kingdom during the two kingdom system
sessile
During alternation of generations, which generation is diploid?
sporophyte generation
Term used to refer to vision
optic
What are disease causing bacteria referred as?
parasitic or pathogenic
What is the body of the fungus called?
mycelium
Which protists use pseudopodia?
Sarcodines
During reproduction with gametes, + and - gametes fuse to form a _____
zygote with hardens into a zygospore
Which protist is this?
Chlamydomonas
Plant-like
Chlorophyta
Caudal to the small intestines in the human
large intestine
Which type of viruses attacks bacteria?
bacteriophage
In basidiomycetes what lines the gills and produces spores during sexual reproduction?
basidia
Caudal to the spiral intestine
rectum
Caudal to the mouth
pharynx
Present day kingdom whose organims were once classified as plants during the three kingdom.
fungi
(because they mostly grow out of the ground)
What is the alternate name for a mushroom?
toadstool
Fins on the backside
dorsal fins
How is giardiasis and amoebic dysentary contracted?
indirect transmission
Drains the urea from the kidneys in the male sharks
accessory ducts
What is the niche of archaebacteria?
play a role in the creation of natural gas either in the Earth’s crust or within the digestive tracts of animals.
Where is the DNA in a bacterium found?
within the cytoplasm
For a virus that hides out in the body, where does it re-enter lytic replication?
at the synthesis phase
During alternation of generations, what does the diploid sporophyte generation create during periods of environmental stress?
spores
(by meiosis therefore spores are haploid)
Which line of defense does your skin fall within?
1st
For a virus such as HIV, where during the lytic process does it leave and enter into lysogenic replication
It leave lytic after the penetration step and enter at combination in lysogenic
Which tissue transports substances thoughout the plant?
Vascular tissue
Which ground tissue cell allows a plant to be flexible?
collenchyma
location of the gallbladder
dorsal side of the medial lobe of the liver
Drains the urea from the kidneys in the female shark
Wollfian Ducts
What type of protist undergoes alternation of generation?
Ulva
(multicellular)
Which type of ground tissue cell is this of?
collenchyma
(thicker at the corners)
What gland makes digestive enzymes for the spiral intestine?
pancrease
Main artery coming out of the heart of the shark
conus arteriosus
Which line of defense does a fever fall within?
2nd
(inflammatory response)
Where the pups exit out of the female
cloaca
Gestation period for the shark
two years
Excretory structures that both the male and female sharks have in common
kidneys
rectal gland
cloaca
Which gound tissue cells stores water and is the site of photosynthesis?
parenchyma
An order is broken down into similar
families
Two taxa used in the scientific name
genus and species
Found within the spiral intestines these help absorb nutrients for the shark.
spiral valves
Nervous system parts considered the hindbrain
Optic nerve
Optic lobe
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
A kingdom is broken down into similar
phyla
Connects the forebrain and the hindbrain
diencephalon
What is the alternate name for Deuteromycetes and what is the etymology of the name?
Imperfect Fungi
Relates to the fact that they have not been observed to reproduce sexually hense imperfect
What are fungal cells called?
hyphae
What is the proper way to write the scietific name according to the rules of binomial nomenclature?
genus is capitalized
species lowecase
Both names are underline if hand written
If typed both names are italicized
Which protist is this?
Arcella
Animal-like
Sarcodina
Prior to binary fission what must occur within the bacterium?
DNA replication
Openings that take in water and remove chemical scents from the water
Nostril nares
Coordinates muscular movement
Cerebellum
Which type of genetic recombination involves a virus?
transduction
After double fertilization what becomes of the ovule
Turns into a seed
Defining characteristic for the protista kindgdom during the three kingdom system
microscopic
Opening where food enters the shark
mouth
Vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the body
sinus venosus
List the three tissues of the plant that make up the roots, stems and leaves of a plant.
dermal
ground
vascular
Number of lobes for the shark liver
3
two long lateral lobes and one short medial lobe
Back fin closest to the head
cranial dorsal fin
Location where chemical digestion begin in the human
mouth
What type of nucleus is exchanged during conjugation?
micronucleus
Separates the specimen into equal left and right sections
midsagittal plane
Stores urine before it is excreted out through the cloaca
urinary vesicle
What opens the stomata during gas exchange to allow for photosynthesis?
Guard cells when they are turgid (high osmotic pressure)
Towards the head
cranial
What is the only organelle that bacteria contain?
Ribosomes
rRNA
Lobe of tail fin on the back side
Dorsal Lobe of the Caudal Fin
In a lichen, what is believed to be the third “wheel” in the relationship?
bacteria
(role not fully understood)
Nervous system parts considered in the forebrain
Olfactory sac
Olfactory tract
Olfactory lobe
cerebrum
Similar orders make up a
class
Which line of defense targets a specific pathogen?
3rd
Which protist is this?
Euglena
plant-like
Euglenophyta
Which vascular tissue transports water up the plant?
Xylem
(trahceids and vessel elements)
Towards the middle
medial
Detects movement in the water
lateral line system
What fungi are referred as since they break down dead or decaying organic matter?
saphrophyte
Which system of the plant anchors the plant?
Root system
What is the niche of eubacteria within our biosphere?
Decompose organic matter and return the nutrients to the environment.
Which plant organ photosynthesizes?
leaf
Found within the stomach these aid in the breakdown of the food into a liquidy substance
rugae
What type of environments are ideal for protists?
Moist
freshwater, blood or marine environments
Appear as coiled tubules ventral to the kidneys
ductus deferens
What type of protist undergoes reproduction with gametes?
Chlamydomonas
(unicellular)
Which type of tropism is the shoot of this plant exhibitting?
negative geotropism
(growing away from gravity)
What shape bacteria are these?
cocci
Which type of angiosperm is this an exaple of?
Monocot
(flower parts in multiples of 3)
Cranial to the spiral intestines
stomach
During alternation of generations, what do the haploid spores create during periods of environmental stress?
male and female gametophytes
(haploid spores divide by mitosis into haploid gametophytes)
Virues are extremely small, smaller than bacteria so they are known as….
submicroscopic
During the sexual phase of reproduction with gametes, the mature protist produces ______ instead of zoospores
+ and - gametes
Which vacular tissue transports a product of photosynthesis?
Phloem (moves glucose down the plant)
During angiosperm reproduction, the ovule is double feritized. What is formed during each of those fertilizations?
1st: zygote–>embryo
2nd: endosperm (food)
Which protist is this?
Pandorina
Plant-like
Chlorophyta
Towards the backside
dorsal
What shape bacteria are these?
bacilli
Chewing of the food is known as
mastication
Kingdoms in the 1800’s
plantae
Animalia
Protista
Sends chemical scents to the olfactory lobe
Olfactory tracts
Which protists are generally parasitic?
Sporozoans
Naming system develped by Linnaeus
Binomial Nomenclature
Where is bile used?
shark: spiral intestine
human: small intestine
Integrates and identifies the scents collected by the shark
Olfactory lobe
Long and flat and run the length of the shark’s dorsal side from the pectoral fins to the pelvic fins.
kidneys
All viruses begin with which type of replication as they infect a cell?
lytic
When zoospores mature and the environments remains favorable what do they create?
4 more zoospores
Location where nutrients are absorbed in the shark
spiral intestine
Defining characteristics of the eubacteria kingdom during the 6 kingdom system.
prokaryotic
every day normal bacteria
In latin virus means….
poison
Which protists are unique in that they have shells made of silica?
Diatoms
Bacillariophyta
Linneaus’ broadest level of classification
kingdom
The involuntary squeezing of the food through the GI tract is known as
peristalsis
Structures that release the semen sperm mixture into the female’s cloaca
claspers
What are the three phases of integration during lysogenic replication?
combination
dormancy
reactivation
What is the outside most layer of an animal virus
envelope
In a mushroom what grows out of the stem?
cap
Eubacterians have unique cell walls in that they contain a layer of….
peptidoglycan
Add semen to the sperm
seminal vesicles
What type of sexual reproductive process involves the exchanging of DNA?
conjugation
After double fertilization what becomes of the ovary
becomes a fruit
Which tissue fills the interior of roots, stems and leaves?
Ground tissue
Opening where waste and pups exit the shark
cloaca
Which protists are multicellular?
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
When bacteria go through repetitive binary fission and grow in clumps, those clumps are known as
colonies
Where bile is stored in both the human and shark
gallbladder
What are some system infections?
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Defining characteristics of the monera kingdom during the 5 kingdom systems
prokaryotic
microscopic
Kingdoms in the 1700’s
animalia and plantae
Which type of viruses attacks plants?
helical viruses
During alternation of generations, what is the result of male and female gametes fusing together?
Zygote
(haploid gamete + haploid gamete = diploid zygote)
Extensions off the pelvic fins that identify the shark as a male
claspers
Kingdoms that monera split into
eubacteria and archaebacteria
Study of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
Senses changes in water temperature, pressure and weak electrical fields
ampullae of Lorenzini
How many lines of defense are there within your body?
3
What are the cells called that line the ascocarp in ascomycetes and that make the spores during sexual reproduction?
asci
(ascus is the single form)
Collects vibrations
inner ear
What is the cup shaped structure calle of ascomycetes?
ascocarp
Sends signals to and from the brain
spinal cord
What can be taken to kill or treat a bacterial infection?
antibiotics
Creates eggs
Ovaries
In a mycorrhizal relationship, a fungus forms a growth with _____.
plant roots
Decides the course of action based on the chemical scent identifications
cerebrum
What is found on the underneath side of the cap?
gills
Which structures of a virus allow it to attach to a host cell?
Surface proteins of the capsid or envelope
(like a lock and key with host cell’s surface proteins)
For both sexual and asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, what is formed that creates and releases spores?
sporangia
(sporangium is singular)
During alternation of generations, what does the diploid zygote become when conditions become favorable once again?
sporophyte
(diploid zygote divides by mitosis into a diploid sphorophyte)
Which line of defense does your immune system fall within?
3rd
What are the pores within the epidermas called?
Stomata
Which type of fungal infections targets the skin?
superficial
(generally caused by deuteromycetes)
Two types of fins that stabilize the shark
pelvic and dorsal fins
Collects chemical scents removed from the water by the nostril nares
Olfactory sac
How many protists do you start with and end with during conjugation?
2
Excretory structures unique to the male
Accessory ducts
What do ciliates and zooflagellates have that aids in the absorption of food?
oral grooves and gullets
Collects visual stimuli
eyes
What is found inside of a virus?
Nucleic acid
(RNA or DNA)
What are archaebacteria called that live in extremely salty environments?
extreme halophiles
What are the three types of fungus-like protists
acellular slime molds
cellular slime molds
watermolds
Bellyside lobe of the tail fin
Ventral Lobe of the Caudal Fin
Fin that propels the shark forward
caudal fin
Which two protist diseases are caused by sporozoans?
Malaria
Giardiasis
Defining characteristics of the animalia kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems
multicellular only
heterotrophic
What is the alternate name for the stem?
shoot
What are some examples of superficial infections?
athlete’s foot
favus
ringworm
yeast infections
During alternation of generations, which generation is haploid?
gametophyte generation
Fins that steer and lift the shark in the water
pectoral fins
Gland that makes bile for both the human and the shark
liver
Another name for the throat
pharynx
Defining characteristics of the protista kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems
eukarytotic
unicellular or multicellular
autotrophic or heterotrophic
Father of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaus
Tail fin
Caudal fin
Are fungi unicelluar or multicellular
multicelluar
(yeast is only unicellular fungi)
Removes nitrogenous waste from the shark’s blood
kidney
For fungi, what facilitates the dispersal of spores?
wind
animals
rain
Similar classes make up a
phylum
What are the 5 phases of lytic replication?
attachment
penetration
synthesis
assembly
release
Execretory structures unique to female sharks
Wollfian Ducts and Urinary Vesicle
Kingdom during the three kingdom system that bacteria used to be classfied within
protista
What is a nucleic acid core surrounded by a proten coat called?
a virus
Back fin closest to the tail
Caudal dorsal fins
Holes on the dorsal side of the shark
spiracles
What are the three types of ground tissue cells?
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
Which female gametophyte stucture is the site of pollination?
stigma
What is left on the stem as it accends up out of the mycelium?
ring
tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach in both the shark and the human
esophagus
Defining characteristics of the archaebacteria kingdom during the 6 kingdom system
prokaryotic
live in extreme/harsh environments similar to early Earth
What structure in protists may have evolved over time into the anus?
anal pore
Which stage is diploid during the reproduction of gametes process?
Zygote/zygospore stage
What is the only unicellular ascomycete?
yeast
What are the two main types of dermal tissue?
Epidermis
Hairs
Which type of tropism are the shoots of this plant exhibitting?
positive phototropism
(growth toward light stimulus)
Towards the side; away from midline
lateral
Openings that allow water to enter when the mouth is closed
spiracles
Location where chemical digestion begins in the shark
stomach
Which fungal phylum is the least diverse?
Zygomycota
4 places that the cerebellum receives info from
lateral line
ampullae of Lorenzini
inner ear
spinal cord
Type of shark we are dissecting?
spiny dogfish shark
Site of ingestion
mouth
Used to identify an unknown organims
dichotomous key
Which protista phylum is most similar to present day simple plants?
Chlorophyta
What do sclerenchyma cells have in their cell walls
cellulose and lignin
What is absorbed in the large intestine of the human?
water
What are the two prokaryotic kingdoms?
archaebacteria and eubacteria
Which ground tissue cell give the plant it’s strenght?
sclerenchyma
Cranial to the uterus
shell gland
During conjugation, what combines to form a new macronucleus in a recently conjugated paramecium?
2 micronuclei
(1 was its original and 1 is from the other protist)
Set of paired openings on the ventral side of the shark near the cranial end.
nostril nares
During alternation of generations, what does the haploid gametophyte generation create during periods of environmental stress?
gametes
(by mitosis therefore they are haploid)
Which phloem cells transports the substance around the plant?
Sieve tube members
(controlled by companion cells)
What bacterial appendage allows it to stick to door handles?
pili
Why is the meaning behind the chlorophyta phlum name?
composed of chloroplasts and chloroplyll
Exit hole for indigested waste for the shark
cloaca
Chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
ventricle
Plane that separates the animal into cranial and caudal sections?
transverse
Identifies what the shark sees
optic lobe
What is the asexual reproductive process called that bacteria go through to make identical daughter cells?
Binary Fission
What are the skin cells of the plant called?
epidermal cells
Which tissue protects the plant?
Dermal
What is the ball shaped structure of a basidiomycete that ultimately grows into a stem called?
veil
The equivalent of the sprial valves but in the human
villi
Term used to refer to the sense of smell
olfactory
What connects two bacteria together during conjugation?
sex pilus
Defining characteristics of the plantae kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems
multicelluar
autotrophic
Which phylum of fungi is the most diverse?
Ascomycota
Which organs are found within the shoot system?
leaves and roots
Ventral most fins
pelvic fins
What in the stamen holds up the anther?;
filament
Lateral most fins
Pectoral fins
Chamber where blood enters the heart
atrium
How are the cell membranes different between the two bacterial kingdoms?
eubacteria- may have two cell membranes
arachaebacteria have special lipids that withstand the harsh conditions of their environment.
During transformation, what transport process provides the means for how the DNA will enter the bacterium?
phagocytosis
caudal to the ductus deferens
seminal vesicles
Towards the tail or feet
caudal
Similar species make up a
genus
Where does the foreign DNA come from during the following type of genetic recombination
bacteriophage
(this is transduction)
The prokaryotic kingdom of the five kingdom system
monera
Site of egestion in the shark
Cloaca
Towards the belly side
ventral
Regulates the circulatory system
Medulla Oblongata
Since viruses are inactive outside of host cells and must invade cells in or to be active, they are known as
pathogens or parasites
Which type of viruses attacks animals
icosahedral viruses
Present day kingdoms
plantae
protista
animalia
eubacteria
archaebacteria
fungi
How many DNA molecules do bacteria have?
1
circular
During transformation, what is the DNA fragment called?
Plasmid
What is the cellularity of most protists?
unicellular
Which symbiotic relationship results from and alga and fungi living mutualistically together?
lichen
