SPRING 2022 TEST 1 Flashcards
What is the source of a biological safety hazard
infectious agent
What is the source of a sharp safety hazard
needles, lancets, broken glass
What is the source of a chemical safety hazard
preservatives and reagents
What is the source of a radioactive safety hazard
Equipment and radioisotopes
What is the source of a electrical safety hazard
ungrounded or wet equipment; frayed cords
What is the source of a fire/explosive safety hazard
open flames, organic chem
What is the source of a physical safety hazard
wet floor, heavy boxes, pt
for mandated compliance how often do you need to be trained
yearly
what is the major diff between universal precautions and body substance isolation
hand washing
true or false: Universal precautions include urine, feces, nasal secretions, sweat, tears, and vomit
false
True or false: body substance isolation does not include sweat
true
what type of precautions does OSHA require employee’s to follow
universal precautions and standard precautions
can an employer charge you to practice universal precautions and standard precautions
no
what does the 2 tier approach emphasis prevention of
nosocomial infection and pt safety
what is tier 1 of standard precautions and transmission based precaution
apply standard precautions and body substance isolation
what is tier 2 of standard precautions and transmission based precaution
transmission emphasis: airborne, droplet, and contact
ID specific pt
isolation procedures
what will a biohazard sign tell you
source
modes of transmission
susceptible host
what is the 1st line of defense against transmission of infection
handwashing
how are samples transferred safely
sealed biohazard bags
where do you discard urine
lab sink with water and disinfect with bleach
if someone has mild urticaria, eczema, itchy skin, (all on hands), facial swelling, asthma, respiratory distress what is going on
latex allergy
what kind of infection is contacted by a pt during a hospital stay
nosocomial infection
what are the main sources of a nosocomial infection
uti (most common)
wound
respiratory
what chemical safety rule is part of OSHA hazard communication standard
employees right to know rule
what is formaldehyde toxic to
lungs
what is the international approach to hazard communication
globally harmonized system
what does the blue # represent on the national fire protection agency
health hazard
what does the red # represent on the national fire protection agency
fire hazard
what does the white box represent on the national fire protection agency
specific hazard
what does the yellow # represent on the national fire protection agency
reactivity
what is ALARA
radiation safety
def? refers to overall process of guaranteeing quality regulated outcomes for a total testing system
quality assessment
components of quality Assessment system
pre analytical
analytical
post analytical
federal regulatory mandatory or voluntary
mandatory
what regulatory oversight includes CMS, CLIA, CDC, and FDA
federal
accrediting agencies regulatory mandatory or voluntary
voluntary
what regulatory oversight includes CAP, TJC, and COLA
accrediting agencies
def? documents all procedures
procedure manuals
what regulatory guidelines do procedure manuals comply with
CLSI
def? variables that occur before the actual testing
pre analytical factors
what is the last step of the pre-analytical process
processing
def? variables that directly affect the testing of specimens
analytical factors
def? closeness to the true value
accuracy
def? reproducibility of a test result
precision
def? maintain accuracy and precision
reliability
def? average of all data points
control mean
def? distribution of data around a mean
standard deviation
def? SD expressed as a % of the mean
coefficient of variation
def? limits set within +/- 2 or 3 SD of mean
control ranges
what is done to track QC
recording logs
graphic plots
electronic data management
what is it called when there is a gradual change in mean in one direction of a levy-jennings plot
trend
what is it called when there is a abrupt change in mean on a levy-jennings plot
shift
def? testing of unknown samples received from an outside agency
external QA proficiency testing
what is wet testing
given sample –> run test
how often is problem solving regulatory competency based evaluations
2x in 1st year of employment
annually. after 1st year
def? processes that affect the reporting of results and correct interpretation of data
post-analytical factors
job of CLIA
Establish quality standards for all lab testing
classifies and regulates labs
establishes personnel qualifications
what kind of certificate do you need to preform waived, moderate, or high complexity testing
registration
what are the majority of test
moderate
what kind of testing uses semi automated instruments
waived
who can preform provider performed microscopy
physician
midlevel practitioner
dentist
what kind of difficulty is provider performed microscopy
moderate
what kind of testing receives a score of 12 or less on 7. criteria used to evaluate test method complexity
moderate
what kind of testing receives a score of 12 or more on 7. criteria used to evaluate test method complexity
high complexity
what does the clinical and lab standards institute and CAP recommend for competency assessment
regent strip testing
how much does a kidney weigh
150 g
how long is a kidney
12.5 cm
what is the width of a kidney
6 cm
what is the outer area of the kidney called
cortex
what is the inner area of the kidney called
medulla
where are glomeruli located
outer cortex
what is the function of glomeruli
plasma filtration
where do the ducts of the pyramid (kidneys) enter
clayx
where does urine go after calyces
renal pelvis
where does urine go after the renal pelvis
ureter
where does urine go after the ureter
bladder
how much urine can the bladder hold before you feel like you have to go to the bathroom
150 mL
where does urine go after the bladder
urethra
why do more women get UTIs
they have a shorter urethra
how many nephrons are there in the kidney
1.3 million
what is a capillary tuft surrounded by bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
what % of blood flow goes to the kidneys
25%
what are the 3 major functions of the kidneys
filtration, absorption, and secretion
what are the 5 distinct areas of the kidneys
glomerulus proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule collecting tubule
what part of the heart supplies blood to the kidneys
afferent arteriole
what part of the kidney receives blood from the arteriole
glomerulus
where does blood go when it leaves the kidney
efferent arteriole
function of efferent arteriole
maintaining hydrostatic pressure differential
how much plasma is filtered each day in the kidneys
180000 mL
how much urine is produced from the kidneys each day
600 to 1800 mL
what are the 2 main factors for the formation of urine
plasma filtration
reabsorption and selective secretion by renal tubules
true or false: the kidneys remove metabolic waste
true
true or false: the kidneys regulate water and electrolytes
true
true or false: kidneys maintain the body’s acid-base equilibrium
true
what is the driving force behind glomerular filtration
high hydrostatic pressure of afferent arteriole
name and describe the capillary structure of glomerular filtration
capillary endothelium
with its large open pores
name the mmb structure of glomerular filtration
trilayer basement mmb
name the diaphragms structure of glomerular filtration and where are they located
filtration diaphragms
located between podocytes of bowman’s space
what does the glomerulus barrier selective of
molecule size
molecule charge
what kind of molecules pass rapidly through the glomerus
water
small molecules
what kind of charge does the endothelium in the glomerus have
neg
what challenges large molecules to pass in the glomerus
neg charge of endothelium
where would you find large amounts of renin
in afferent arteriole of juxtaglomerular apparatus
What is released in response to decreased arterial blood pressure or vol
renin
what is released in response to decreased sodium or increased potassium
renin
what is released in response to vascular hemorrhage
renin
what does renin cause (2)
angiotensin formation and aldosterone secretion
what does aldosterone do to the kidneys
retain sodium and water
what do the juxtaglomerular cells secrete
renin
what is angiotensinogen
blood substance
where does angiotensin 1 pass through
lungs
what turns angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
def? substance in filtrate that go back into the system
reabsorption
what kind of transport is tubular transport
active or passive
true or false: each solute has a specific transport system that may differ by area of tubule where it occurs
true
why do the tubules selectively reabsorb substances
body homeostasis and function
why does secretion occur
eliminate waste and substances not normally present in plasma
adult acid base status of body
what kind of substances do the tubules secrete
weak acids or bases
def? plasma conc of a substance that is normally completely reabsorbed reaches an abnormally high level
maximal reabsorptive capacity (Tm)
def? plasma level causing active transport to cease
renal threshold
where would you find reabsorbed substances
urine
what is the glucose threshold of the tubules
160 to 180 mg/dL
what is tubular secretion = to
blood peritubular capillaries to filtrate
what does tubular reabsorption =
filtrate to blood
what kind of waste does tubular secretion eliminate
non filtered waste
what is the normal range of blood pH
7.35 to 7.45
what are the 3 body systems involved to maintain blood pH
blood buffer systems
pulmonary system
renal system
function of blood buffer system maintaining blood pH
buffers prevent pH from changing
function of pulmonary system maintaining blood pH
lungs can exhale or retain CO2
function of renal system maintaining blood pH
increase/decrease excretion of H ions
increase/decrease formation of ammonia
increase/decrease reabsorption of bicarbonate
where does passive reabsorption of water into the high osmotic gradient of the renal medulla occur
descending loop of henle
where is chloride actively reabsorbed
ascending loop of henle
where is sodium passively reabsorbed
ascending loop of henle
where are the wall impermeable to water
ascending loop of henle
what mechanism maintains conc of the medulla
countercurrent mech
how is the medulla diluted
water from the descending loop
how is the medulla reconc
sodium and chloride from the filtrate in the ascending loop
what is also known as vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
function of ADH
controls water reabsorption in collecting tubules
where is ADH produced
hypothalamus
what releases ADH
posterior pituitary gland
how does ADH increase water reabsorption
causes change in tubule epithlium
what is released by neg feedback with arterial blood pressure and positive feedback with plasma osmolality
ADH
increased body hydration= ___ ADH = ___ urine volume
decreased
increased
decreased body hydration= ___ ADH = ___ urine volume
increased
decreased
