CH. 3 & 6 Flashcards
what was the 1st clinical sample examined
urine
how was albumin found
boiling urine
who created the 1st medical licensure laws
charlatans/”pisse prophets”
in the 17th century what did the microscope do for urine examination
evaluation of sediment
what became part of routine physical in 1827
urine evaluation
what test is a fluid biopsy of the kidney
urinalysis
true or false: urine is readily available and easily collected
true
what are the factors of pre examination of urine
collection
handling
preservation
what time of urine collection would be for a routine UA sample
first morning
what is a suffiencient vol of urine for UA
50 mL
what is a min vol of urine for automated methods
4 ml to 15 ml
when should a UA be performed after voiding
30 min to 2 hours
why are dip sticks performed at room temp
they are enzymatic
how would you collect a baby’s urine
disposable pediatric bag
what kind of instructions do you have to give to a pt collecting urine
oral and written
true or false: the location of the pt needs to be on the urine collected
true
true or false: the ID # needs to be on the urine collected
true
true or false: the requesting physician needs to be on the urine collected
true
true or false: the diagnosis needs to be on the urine collected
true
what % of urine is water
95-96%
what % of urine is urea metabolic waste
> 50%
what enzyme would you want to prevent in urine
urease
function of urease
breaks down urea
what is the best method of preservation of urine
refrigeration
what kind of urine preservation will interfere with pH but is ok for culture
boric acid
what kind of urine preservation is good for sediment not chemical
formalin
what kind of urine preservation inhibits glycolysis
sodium flouride
true or false: you can use sodium fluoride with glucose oxidase reagent strip
false
what kind of urine preservation is used for microscopic examination
weak acid
what does it mean if unpreserved urine color darkens
breakdown of chromogen
what does it mean if unpreserved urine has an odor
bacterial growth and decomposition
what does it mean if unpreserved urine clarity decreases
bacterial
crystals
amorphous
what does it mean if unpreserved urine has a high pH
breakdown of urea to ammonia
what does it mean if unpreserved urine glucose decreases
glycolysis
bacterial utilization
what does it mean if unpreserved urine ketone decreases
volatilization of acetone
what does it mean if unpreserved urine bilirubin decrease
destroyed by light
what does it mean if unpreserved urine urobilinogen decrease
destroyed by light
when does unpreserved urine nitrite increase
produced after collection
when does unpreserved urine bacteria increase
after collection
what does it mean if unpreserved urine has cast/cells disintegrating
alkaline
hypotonic
what type of urine sample is routine screening and cytology
random
what type of urine sample is pregnancy test, orthostatic protein, and cytology
1st morning
what type of urine sample is fasting, GTT, 2 hour PP
fractional or double voided
what is a double voided test
collection of blood and urine
what type of urine collection technique is used for bacterial cultures or to prevent vaginal contamination
midstream “clean catch”
where is a catheter inserted
urethra to bladder to ureters
what type of urine collection technique involves puncturing of abdominal wall and distended bladder by using needle and syringe
suprapubic aspiration
is a suprapubic aspiration sample sterile
yes
What are the physical properties examined in urine
Color, clarity or transparency, odor, volume, solute concentration
if urine has a yellow foam what protein is it
bilirubin
If urine has a white foam what protein is it
Albumin
How is solute concentration measured
specific gravity and Osmolality 
what Is a good environment to examine urine color
good light
Against a white background
What is the normal color of urine
light/straw to amber
What metabolic pigment make urine yellow
urochrome
what metabolic pigment makes urine yellow
urochrome
what metabolic pigment makes urine pink
uroerythrin
what metabolic pigment makes urine orange/brown
urobilin
what method used to examine urine’s clarity
schweitzer method
How would you describe the clarity of urine with no visible particulate matter present
clear
How would you describe urines clarity with some visible particulate matter present with no distortion of newsprint
hazy
How would you describe the clarity of urine where the newsprint is distorted but can’t be seen through urine
cloudy
How would you describe the clarity of urine or news print cannot be seen through urine
Turbid
What clarity descriptions of urine is problematic
Cloudy and turbid
What disease produces greater than 500 mL of urine during the night with a specific gravity of less than 1.018
nocturia
What disease produces less than 400 mL of urine in 24 hours
oliguria
What does osmolality measure
Number of solute particles
What does specific gravity measure
Number of solute present and molecular size
What is the normal range of specific gravity of a random adult sample
1.002 to 1.035
def? Comparison of the ratio of light refraction and velocity change as it passes from air into solution
Refractive index of light
What disease has a low specific gravity
hypothenuria
What disease has a high specific gravity
hyperthenuria
What disease has a fixed specific gravity
lsothenuria
