CH.9 Flashcards
true or false: Glomerular renal diseases are usually immune mediated.
true
true or false: Vascular disorders induce renal disease by
increasing renal perfusion.
false
true or false: All structural components of the kidney are
equally susceptible to disease.
false
true or false: Tubulointerstitial renal diseases usually result from antibody-antigen and complement interactions.
false
In glomerular diseases, morphologic changes in the
glomeruli include
cellular proliferation
leukocyte infiltration
glomerular basement mmb thickening
When all renal glomeruli are affected by a morphologic change, this change is described as
diffuse
In glomerular renal disease, glomerular damage
results from
toxic substances induced by immune complex
formation.
Clinical features that are characteristic of glomerular damage include
edema
hematuria
proteinuria
Which of the following disorders frequently
occurs following a bacterial infection of the skin or
throat?
Acute glomerulonephritis
Which of the following disorders is characterized by
cellular proliferation into Bowman’s space to form
cellular “crescents”?
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Which of the following disorders is the major cause
of the nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Which of the following glomerular diseases is
the major cause of the nephrotic syndrome in
children?
Minimal change disease
true or false: IgA nephropathy often follows a muscosal infection
true
Eighty percent of patients who develop chronic
glomerulonephritis previously had some type of glomerular disease. Which of the following disorders is implicated most frequently in the develop-
ment of chronic glomerulonephritis?
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Chronic renal failure often develops in each of the
following diseases except
diabetes insipidus
features characterize the nephrotic syndrome?
Proteinuria
- Edema
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hyperlipidemia
When a patient has the nephrotic syndrome, microscopic examination of their urine sediment often reveals
waxy cast
associated with acute tubular necrosis?
Antibiotics
Hemoglobinuria
Surgical procedures
Which formed element in urine sediment is characteristic of toxic acute tubular necrosis and aids
in its differentiation from ischemic acute tubular
necrosis?
proximal tubular cells
Which of the following disorders is characterized by
the urinary excretion of large amounts of arginine,
cystine, lysine, and ornithine?
cystinuria
Generalized loss of proximal tubular function is a
characteristic of
fanconi’s syndrome
Which of the following changes is not associated
with renal tubular acidosis?
Decreased glomerular filtration rate
Which of the following disorders is considered a
lower urinary tract infection?
cystitis
Most urinary tract infections are caused by
gram-negative rods.
Which of the following formed elements when
present in urine sediment is most indicative of an
upper urinary tract infection?
casts
The most common cause of chronic pyelonephritis
is
reflux nephropathies.
Eosinophiluria, fever, and skin rash are characteristic clinical features of
acute interstitial nephritis.
Cessation of the administration of a drug is the
fastest and most effective treatment for
acute interstitial nephritis.
Yeast is considered part of the normal flora in each
of the following locations except in the
urinary tract
Acute renal failure can be caused by all of the
following except
acute pyelonephritis.
Isosthenuria, significant proteinuria, and numerous
casts of all types describes the urinalysis findings
from a patient with
chronic renal failure.
Approximately 75% of the renal calculi that form
in patients contain
calcium
The formation of renal calculi is enhanced by
increases in chemical salts in the urine
ultrafiltrate.
An overflow mechanism is responsible for the aminoaciduria present in
tyrosinuria.
Which of the following hereditary diseases results in
the accumulation and excretion of large amounts of
homogentisic acid?
Alkaptonuria
Which of the following substances oxidizes with
exposure to air, causing the urine to turn brown or
black?
Melanin
what do the diseases have in common Tyrosinuria Melanuria Phenylketonuria Alkaptonuria
related to tyrosine production or metabolism
Which of the following diseases can result in severe
mental retardation if not detected and treated in the
infant?
Phenylketonuria
Maple syrup urine disease
Galactosuria
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of
type 2 diabetes mellitus?
The disease usually presents after 40 years of
age.
Which of the following abnormalities is not a
clinical feature of an infant with galactosuria?
polyuria
Galactose is produced in the normal metabolism
of
lactose
Which of the following features is not a characteristic of diabetes insipidus?
Increased production of antidiuretic hormone
Porphyria is characterized by
increased heme formation.
what is the most often immune mediated renal disease
glomerular
what type of renal disease result from toxic or infectious substances
tubular
interstitial
what type of renal disease caused by a reduction in renal perfusion that induces morphologic and functional changes in kidney
vascular
what types of diseases damage the glomeruli
immunologic
metabolic
hereditary
Systemic disease that initially and principally involve other organs but also affect kidneys
secondary glomerular disease
Specifically affect kidneys, often only organ involved
primary glomerular diseases
primary glomerular disease name
glomerulonephritis
Increased numbers of endothelial and other cells in glomerular tuft
cellular proliferation
what kind of problem in the glomerulus releases cytokines –> inflammation
leukocytic infiltration
Includes any process that results in enlargement of basement membrane
glomerular basement thickening
Accumulation of homogeneous eosinophilic extracellular material
Hyalinization with sclerosis
RBC in urine
hematuria
what type of hematuria is RBC in cast
acute
what type of hematuria is RBC not in cast
cronic
protein in urine
proteinuria
volume of urine is less than 400 ml/day
oliguria
increased nitrogen levels in glomerulus
azotemia
proteins are in urine there is no force pushing out fluid out at the capillary level
edema
what type of patients is minimal change disease common in
kids
describe proteinuria levels in nephrotic syndrome
increased
what protein are in patients urine with nephrotic syndrome
albumin
true or false: kidney diseases that affect tubules and interstitium will not cause nephrotic syndrome.
true
nephritic syndrome
damage is within the glomeruli
symptoms of nephritic syndrome
oliguria
azotemia
Autoimmune disorder with immune complex deposits
Systemic lupus erythematosus
upper urinary track infection have
cast
upper urinary track infection location
in renal pelvis or kidney
lower urinary track infection have
no cast
lower urinary track infection location
below kidney
Acute pyelonephritis and Chronic pyelonephritis are what type of UTI
upper UTI
what type of renal failure is classified as prerenal, renal, and post renal
acute renal failure
how are renal calculi formed
aggregates of mineral salts in a matrix of proteins and lipids
cystinosis
cystine increases -> renal cells die
cystinuria
renal tubules can not absorb cystine -> cystine goes to urine -> crystalize
maple syrup urine disease
ketone acids increase
phenylketonuria
enzyme can’t convert phenylalanine to tyrosine –> blood pH increases
alkaptonuria
homogentsic acid increases –> urine is dark
tyrosinuria
can’t absorb tyrosine or produce too much tyrosine –> urine
true or false: Porphyria can be inherited or induced.
true
true or false: Porphyrin precursors are neurotoxins.
true
true or false: Porphyrins can be dark red or purple.
true
