Sports Psychology1 Flashcards
Extrinsic motivation is the d____ you receive from an o_____ source e.g. r______ such as medals/ badges/ prizes/ money.
drive, outside, rewards
According to Steiner’s model of group productivity, motivational faults are caused by players not feeling v______ by the coach, team mates g_____ up and low s___ c_________. In order to overcome this, the coach should use p_______ r___________ .
valued, giving, self confidence, positive reinforcement
The ‘Inverted U Theory of Arousal’ states that as arousal increases so does performance up to an o______ m__ p_____. Thereafter, continued increases in arousal lead to a g_______ d________ in performance.
optimal mid point, gradual decrease
Give one positive & one negative evaluation of the ‘Trait Theory of Personality’? REMEMBER SOME EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST
+ some evidence to suggest personality is innate (we are born with it)
+ personality can be predicted (because it’s stable and enduring)
- unlikely to be just innate input that determines personality
- doesn’t take into account learnt behaviour (social learning theory)
Presence of an Audience will lead to increased arousal which will increase performance is called?
social facilitation
According to the ‘Frustration Aggression Hypothesis’ if frustration can NOT be released or the player is punished for aggression, aggression will continue to r___ e.g. netball player is caught pushing player…gets sent off and kicks the table whilst walking off.
rise
Extroverts have a l___ sensitive r_________a__________ s_______ (RAS).
less, reticular activating system
Give one positive & one negative evaluation of the ‘Instinct (Trait/Innate) Theory of Aggression’.
+ some evidence to suggest aggression can be innate (we are born with it)
+ some people are aggressive in all situations (it is stable and enduring)
- too simplistic
- all humans aren’t aggressive all the time
- aggression is often learned (social learning theory)
How would you describe a stable introvert?
predictable behaviour, don’t like socialising/shy
Players can increase their performance after a ‘Catastrophe’ if they can l_______ their c________ a________.
lower, cognitive arousal
Intrinsic motivation is the d____ that comes from w_____ the individual e.g. wanting to complete a marathon for f__/l___ playing netball.
drive, within, fun/loves
Autonomous performers have well l_________m________ p___________.
learned motor programmes
Aggression is the i_____ to h___ outside the rules of the game.
intent, harm
According to the ‘Frustration Aggression Hypothesis’ if frustration can be released (also known as c_______) within the rules of the game aggression will r_____ e.g. netball player manages to push marker out of the way when referee is not looking.
catharsis, reduce
Social inhibition is most likely to occur if someone’s personality is an i_______, their ability is l___ (cognitive) and if the type of skill is f___ & c______ because its uses s____ muscle movements and high d________ m________.
introvert, low, fine, complex, small, decision making
According to the ‘Instinct (Trait) Theory of Aggression’ aggression is i_____ (we are born with it). It is s_____ (stays the same) and e_______ (lasts throughout our life). Every individual has the trait of aggression which can be s___________ released at any time.
innate, stable, enduring, spontaneously
Give one strength and one weakness of the ‘Aggressive Cue Hypothesis’.
+ frustration can lead to increased arousal
+ takes into account environment
- people learn to walk away from aggressive cues
The memory hooks for introvert extrovert = s______ alert. Stability = Degree of p___________. Type A = Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa_________/stress.
social, predictability, anxiety
Presence of an Audience will lead to increased arousal which will decrease performance is called =
social inhibition
According to the ‘Frustration Aggression Hypothesis’ if goal directed behaviour is b______ it leads to increased f________ and a_______.
blocked, frustration, arousal
The ‘Interactionist Theory of Personality’ proposes that innate personality traits are t____________ by e________________ changes.
triggered, environmental
Explain how personality is formed using the ‘Trait Theory of Personality’? Trait = i______. It is s________ (stays the same) and e__________ (lasts throughout your life).
innate, stable, enduring
Why might performers set goals? REMEMBER TO SET A TARGET
T = Track progress A = Alleviate anxiety/control arousal R = Remain focused G = Gain confidence/motivation E = Encourage persistence T = Tactics/technique (improve)
When setting goals the SMART principle should be followed. What does SMART mean?
S = Specific (clear and relate to performer) M = Measurable (assessed) A = Achievable (suitable for the performer) R = Recorded (documented) T = Time phased (set period/time scale)
When all three ‘Components of Attitude’ are agreeable (whether positively or negatively) we have c_____________?
consonance
Psychological arousal (worrying, irrational thoughts, confusion) is also known as c_______ arousal.
cognitive
Co-ordination faults associated with the group size increasing and co-ordination decreasing is also known as the R_________ e_____.
Ringelmann effect
In order to change someones attitudes (whether positively or negatively) we can use Cognitive Dissonance. This is the process of c__________ d_________between the ‘Components of Attitude’. This disharmony is created by changing one or more of the negative components into a positive.
creating disharmony
The Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF) is the level of a______ that an individual performers b___.
anxiety/arousal, best
Motivational faults associated with the group size increasing and individuals efforts decreasing is also called s_____ l_______.
social loafing
Physiological arousal (increased heart rate, breathing rate, sweating, blood pressure, butterflies) is also known as s________ aroual.
somatic
The 3 ‘Components of Attitude’ are C____, A____, B______(CAB).
Cognitive (beliefs) e.g. I believe running is good/not good for my health.
Affective (feelings) e.g. I love/hate running.
Behavioural (actions) e.g. I go running 3 times a week/I don’t go running at all.
Give one positive & one negative evaluation of the ‘Interactionist Theory of Personality’?
+ most likely theory as it combines trait & socially learnt behaviour
+ more likely innate traits are triggered occasionally by changes in environment
+ it explains why individuals act differently in different situations
- theory still proposes that innate traits must be present
Using Persuasive Communication to change someones attitude involves using s_____________ o___________, a r_________ message and the r_________ must have a d_____ to change their attitude.
significant others, relevant, recipient, desire
Anxiety is a n________ form of s_____ often associated with f___ of f______ & e____________.
negative, stress, fear, failure, embarrassment
When athletes find there Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF) they are said to be ‘in the zone’ or have ‘peak flow’. What are the characteristics of being in the zone? Remember you are FEARED by the opposition.
Focused, Effortless, Automatic, Relaxed, Enjoyment, Determined
In order to describe Tuckman’s theory of group development what 4 key descriptors do we use g_____, l______, d_______, s______.
group, leader, decisions, social
According to Tuckman’s theory of group development, members go through 4 key stages. In the correct order what are the 4 stages?
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
Attitudes definition = Unstable b______/f______/a______ towards an a________ o________
beliefs, feelings, actions, attitude, object
Personality definition = c_______________ that make a person u_______.
characteristics, unique
Intrinsic motivation may encourage l________ participation. As individuals take part for their own g___/b_____. However, once intrinsic motivation factors such as f__ & e___________ d_________ it may not be enough to maintain the motivation to participate.
lifelong, gain/benefit, fun, enjoyment, decrease
With the ‘Drive Theory of Arousal’ the line marking arousal and performance on the graph can be described as a p________ c___________.
positive correlation
According to Steiner’s model of group productivity, losses are due to faulty processes. What are the 2 categories of faults?
Motivation faults
Co-ordination faults
State anxiety is a s_______ specific form of anxiety.
situation
State the equation that describes Steiner’s model of group productivity.
AP = PP - FP
Actual productivity = Potential Productivity - Faulty Processes
Actual sports performance = best possible performance - faults/errors in performance
The ‘Drive Theory of Arousal’ states that as arousal increases so does p______________ of the d________ r_________ (also known as s______ m_____ p___________).
performance, dominant response, stored motor programme
Give one positive & one negative evaluation of the ‘Social Learning Theory of Personality’? REMEMBER SOME EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST
+ some evidence to suggest personality is formed through copying of significant others/role models
+ Bobo doll experiment supports theory
- Not everyone copies significant others/role models
- Doesn’t take into account innate traits
According to the ‘Social Learning Theory of Aggression’ we learn aggression through c________ (imitation) of s_________ o______. This is then socially r_________ (it becomes normal behaviour).
copying, significant others, reinforced.
A group is a collection of people (2 or more) working towards a c______ g____.
common goal
Extrinsic rewards such as stickers/badges are easy to give and may have more of a significant impact if the performer is a c________ learner as it may improve their c__________ and m__________. It can also s_____ u_ learning.
cognitive, confidence, motivation, speed up.
According to the ‘Aggressive Cue Hypothesis’ frustration leads to an increase in a_______. If this coincides with the presence of an a___________ c____ e.g. hockey stick, tennis racket, cricket bat, golf club etc there is increased chance of a__________.
arousal, aggressive cue, aggression
The memory hook for the ‘Formation of Attitudes’ or ‘Attitude Formation’ = SPERMS. What does each letter mean?
socialisation e.g. friends playing sport may influence you to play
past experiences e.g. negative experience in a PE lesson may discourage you from playing sport
religious beliefs e.g. against Muslim religion for women to show skin in public places
media e.g. newspaper article on benefits of exercise could lead to positive attitude
significant others e.g. parents who take part in physical activity could encourage children
Extrinsic motivation may not lead to l________ participation and if extrinsic rewards are removed m__________ may decline.
lifelong, motivation
According to Steiner’s model of group productivity, co-ordination faults are caused by l_____ groups, poor l_________and poor t_______. In order to overcome this, the coach should r_______ team plays.
large, leadership, tactics, rehearse
Social facilitation is most likely to occur if someone’s personality is an e_______, their ability is h___ (autonomous) and if the type of skill is g___ & s______ because its uses l_____ muscle movements and low d________ m________.
extrovert, high, gross, simple, low, decision making
The ‘Catastrophe Theory of Arousal’ states that as s______ arousal increases so does performance up to an optimal mid point. When h____ s_______ arousal clashes with h_____ c_______ arousal this leads to an e_______ decline in peformance.
somatic, high somatic, high cognitive, extreme
T_______ rewards = physical items = trophies/medals/certs. I_______ rewards = non physical items = praise e.g. well done.
Tangible, Intangible
Evaluate the ‘Frustration Aggression Hypothesis’.
+ frustration can lead to aggression
+ takes into account environment
- not everyone becomes aggressive when frustrated
- aggression can still occur without a trigger (without goal directed behaviour being blocked)
We can use the memory hook PAT to help explain the positive & negative effects of an audience on performance. What does PAT mean?
Personality(introvert/extrovert) e.g. introverts = negative effect due to more sensitive RAS
Ability (stage of learning) e.g. cognitive learners = negative effect due to unlearnt motor programmes
Task type (fine/gross & simple/complex) e.g. negative effect on fine/complex skills due to high levels of concentration and high levels of decision making required.
Trait anxiety is an i_____ form of anxiety, we are b___ with it. It is s_____ (stays the same) and e_______ (last throughout your life)
innate, born, stable, enduring
According to Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership explain ‘situational characteristics’ using a sporting example.
The skill/activity that is being performed
E.g. rock climbing which is a dangerous activity
E.g. runner which is a safe activity
According to Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership explain ‘leader characteristics’ using a sporting example.
How the leader normally acts/leads
E.g. the leader is naturally autocratic especially when teaching rock climbing
E.g. the leader is naturally democratic especially when teaching females how to play badminton
According to Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership explain ‘member characteristics’ using a sporting example.
The make up of the group performing the skill/activity
E.g. the group may be cognitive learners and lack experience in rock climbing
THINK ABILITY/GENDER/AGE/EXPERIENCE
According to Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership explain ‘required behaviour’ using a sporting example.
The leadership style that should/needs to be used in the situation
E.g. during a dangerous activity like rock climbing it needs to be autocratic
E.g. during a friendly female only tennis lesson it needs to be democratic
Name the strategies to minimise social inhibition? REMEMBER don’t MISS PRACTICE
M-Mental Rehearsal
I-Imagery
S-Selective Attention
S-Self Talk (positive)
PRACTICE WITH A CROWD
What are the causes & effects of Evaluation Apprehension (the negative effect of an audience that is judging performance)?
Causes
- Perception of being judged
- By significant other e.g. moderator/talent scout
- More likely if low sport confidence
Effects
- Increased arousal/anxiety
- Leads to avoidance behaviour
- Stop playing sport
