Paper 3: Emergence & Evolution of modern sport Flashcards
What is the memory hook for emergence and evolution of modern sport?
CLEGITT Class Law and Order Education Gender Income Time Transport
Two classes in pre-industrial Britain (1800)
Upper and lower class
Pre-Industrial. Differences between class: Education / Literacy
Lower class - Illiterate. simples / unwritten rules. E.g. Mob Football.
Upper class - Literate. Complex rules. E.g. Real tennis
Pre-Industrial. Differences between class: Gender
Lower class - Women were weaker sex - non violent activities. E.g Smock Race
Upper class - Women were weaker sex - ladylike activities.E.g. Artery
Pre-Industrial. Differences between class: Income
Lower class - No money, simple/natural activities
Upper class - More money, better facilities and equipment. E.g. Real tennis
Pre-Industrial. Differences between class: Time
Lower class - Working long hours, occasional participation. E.g. Mob football / holy days.
Upper class - Lots of free time. Regular participation E.g. Fox hunting / Real tennis.
Pre-Industrial. Differences between class: Transport
Lower class - travel by foot. Activities were local. E.g Mob football.
Upper class - Horse and cart. Activities less local. E.g. Real tennis in market towns.
Pre-industrial Britain (1800): Class and roles in Cricket
Lower class - fielders and bowlers
Upper class - Batsmen
Post-industrial Britain (1850): Class
Middle class emerged
Post-industrial Britain (1850): Law and Order
Sports less cruel and less violent
Post-industrial Britain (1850): Education
Written / codified rules
Post-industrial Britain (1850): Gender
Male dominated but lawn tennis for women
Post-industrial Britain (1850): Income
Income was still poor in early 1850s but income improved towards the 1900’s.
Post-industrial Britain (1850): Time
No free time in the early 1850s, workers were slaves to the factories. More free time emerged towards the 1900s to include Saturday half days for sport.
Working hours went from 72 hour working week to 52 hours towards the 1900s.
Post-industrial Britain (1850): Transport
Formation of railways - standardised rule books E.g. FA. Regional, national and international competition.
Define Amateurism
The views and principles of a person who engages in an activity for pleasure rather than financial gain. Usually upper class
Define Professionalism
The views and principles of a person who engages in activity for financial gain. Usually working class
Gentleman amateur
E.g. Rugby Union Upper / middle class Wealthy A lot of free time No desire to train or improve performance High morality - fairplay / sportsmanship
Working class professional
E.g. Rugby League
Working class
Poor
Little free time due to long working hours
Committed to training and perform as well as possible
Low morality - winning was all important, open to bribes and would cheat to win.
Influence of public schools: The promotion and organisation of sport and games
Public schools were highly influential in the development and organisation of sport
Mid 1800s - sport became an important part of education of public school boys.
Sixth form prefects gained valuable organisation/leadership experience - played key roles in NGBs
Team games developed leadership qualities
Influence of public schools: Promotion of ethics through sports and games
Public schools reforms led by Thomas Arnold promoting regular sport which provides exercise and healthy competition.
Sixth form prefects key organisers of inter-house sport
Emphasis on high morality as the key value of playing sport (taking part more important than winning)
‘Muscular Christianity’ developed - linking sport to being a Christian gentleman.
Influence of public schools: The ‘cult’ of athleticism
Physical endeavour (trying hard) and moral integrity (fair play/sportsmanship) Upper class / middle class sport was reflected in a positive moral quality.
Influence of public schools: The spread and export of games and games ethics.
Industrialist/factory owners - set up teams and gave times to play competitive sport nationally and internationally.
Clergy - developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad.
Officers British army - spread sport throughout empire.
Politicians / diplomats - travelled and took sport with them.
NGBs - formed, establishing leagues and competitions.
