sporting behaviour, golden triangle and participation Flashcards
define sportsmanship
in the spirit of the game, fair play
what is sportsmanship
- following the rules : avoid cheating, foul play, and aggression
- respect the opposition : be friendly to all competitors and avoid unpleasantness
- take measures to reduce the risk of injury to others, help others before playing on
- promote your sport in a positive way and be a positive role model
example of sportsmanship
Brownlee brothers - Alistair helped Johnny over the finish line
define gamesmanship
pushing or bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage
what is gamesmanship
the laws of a sport may be interpreted in ways which whilst are not illegal, are not in the spirit of the game
coaches can also be guilty of encouraging such behaviour
examples of gamesmanship
football - players wasting time with the ball in anticipation of the whistle
runners - pushing another competitor
golf - coughing to distract the competitor
rugby - moving penalty spot closer
what is deviance in sport
behaviour that is either immoral or seriously breaks the rules and norms of a sport e.g violence, cheating, performance enhancing drugs and match fixing
what is positive deviance in sport
no intention to break the rules or cause harm but trying too hard e.g training with an injury
what is negative deviance in sport
deviance with a negative effect
example of deviance in sport
Madonna’s hand of god
why does deviance in sport happen
need to win - promotion to highly ranked team, fame, fortune, and earning a living
pressure - fans, sponsors, media, coaches
temper - lash out at opponents or officials
what are the consequences of deviance
- penalties, bookings, send-offs
- fines, bans, point deductions
- loosing contract / sponsorship
- getting injured
- end of career
- damaged reputation (self, club, team, sport or country)
what is being done to try and prevent deviance in sport
- random drug testing
- fair play awards : UEFA respect fair play rankings, FA respect and fair play award campaigns (anti drug - 100% me and anti racism - no to racism)
what is the golden triangle
sport, media and business
what is commercialisation
making something available on the market with the aim of making a profit
explain sport in the golden triangle
increased income from sponsored items / media results in:
- development of grass root sports
- specialised coaches
- better equipment and facilities
this results in higher level performance which creates an increase in spectators
explain business in the golden triangle
sponsors, adverts, product placement
- sponsors : increases publicity and brand awareness to boost sales of profit and services which leads to increase in profit greater than cost of sponsoring event e.g Barclays and premier league
- product placement : companies can sponsor players e.g Evian water at Wimbledon
- sponsoring teams / players : companies can sponsor players to wear their clothing, use their equipment or use their facilities e.g Nike sponsor Rafael Nadal to only play in Nike kit
- adverts : companies will pay for advert boards at the side of the pitch / courts and media adverts will be played during ad breaks as lots of people will be watching
explain media in the golden triangle
- the media pays money to the sports / club to be able to film and broadcast events
- companies such as Sky, BT Sport, and Amazon Prime pay the Premier League millions of pounds for the rights to air their markets
- these companies then dictate the timings of these games in order to reach their target audiences, however viewers have to pay to watch these games
- some of this money will then go back into the sport in order to ensure clubs can buy the best players for the best teams and this will result in viewers continuing to pay to view so that they can watch best players in best matches
- at higher level sport, you will have expert commentators who will give viewers a better insight into the game and this means increased knowledge of the game
advantages of media and commercialisation on sport
- more sports are attracting media attention, increasing grass root participation
- more money is available for teams, equipment, facilities, coaches, and players
- prize funds and rewards for winning are bigger
- more money is spent on tech developments that can help performance
- there are more competitors, increasing the reach of the sport
- more role models and ambassadors for the sport are created
disadvantages of media and commercialisation on sport
- rules are changed to meet the requirements of the media and sponsors
- over exposure can cause people to lose interest in a sport as both grass root participants and supporters
- controversies become sensational
- minor sports and women’s sports get less coverage
- sports depend on money from the media and sponsors, with disastrous results if withdrawn
- sponsors may sell products or services that promote poor lifestyle choices e.g McDonalds sponsoring Olympics
advantages of media and commercialisation on the player
- players are paid higher wages
- the media can turn players/
- performers into heroes and role models
- more money to pay for
technologically advanced equipment and facilities - more money to pay for better coaching and training programmes
- more competitions raises the standard of competition nationally
and increases a national team’s profile internationally - more money to support grassroots players/performers, which benefits those who take part in the sport for fun and provides progression for those wanting to compete at the highest level
disadvantages of media and commercialisation on the player
- a strong media presence can increase the pressure to perform and can reduce the players/performers
enjoyment - the media spotlight can mean that the mistakes a
player/performer makes become very public - sponsors may dictate a player’s/performers
behaviour, which can disrupt training - maintaining appeal to sponsors and media can
distract players/performers from training - intense media scrutiny of players/performers’
private lives, particularly for women - more competitions means more training. and overtraining can lead to injury
- too many competitions can reduce the standard
of competition - women players/performers are paid less than men largely because media and sponsors focus on men
- the achievements of one or two players can be emphasised at the expense of the team
advantages of media and commercialisation on spectators
- events are scheduled so supporters can easily watch them on TV or online
- commentary, which is not available to a spectator watching live, educates the viewer at home
- live coverage, highlights, documentaries and
coaching tips satisfy the spectator’s interest in the sports they follow and educate them - the media provides information about results, fixtures and rankings
- money has been spent on technology to
improve viewing, including instant replay and close-up views of the action - more competitions give more spectators the opportunity to watch their sport live
- more media coverage of player’s/performers
activities outside of sport makes spectators
feel better connected to their role models
disadvantages of media and commercialisation on spectators
- more people stay at home to watch
- most sport is now shown via subscription and pay-per-view
services, making it expensive to watch - tickets and merchandise are expensive
- demands made by sponsors can limit choice and value-for-money for spectators when they are buying
food and drink etc. at live events - the more popular a sport becomes the more difficult it is to buy tickets
- scheduling for home-viewing makes it more difficult for people who want to watch sport live
advantages of media and commercialisation on sponsors
- a sponsor’s name or brand is linked to a
positive, healthy, triumphant activity and
advertised to a wide audience, increasing the profits for the brand owner
disadvantages of media and commercialisation on sponsors
- if a sponsor links their name or brand to a sport, team or player/performer
that is hit by a scandal, it can have a damaging effect on its reputation and, therefore, its profits
what are target groups
those who are under-represented in sport due to certain barriers
what are the categories for target groups
gender
age
socio-economic group
ethnicity
disability
people
factors affecting participation in gender
-discrimination - sexist attitudes may affect how comfortable women and men feel about taking part
role models - there may be a lack of gender specific role models to inspire others of that gender to participate
accessibility - regular sports teams for women may not always be available within a convenient travelling distance
media coverage - there is less money available for females
men earn more money than women which may put them off e.g prize money for Wimbledon
sports may be seen as only for women or only for men e.g rugby or dance
time constriction for women as they may want to start a family and might not return after
factors affecting participation in age
age can limit the variety of sports available due to the level of development in your body e.g children under 5 can’t do trampolining due to weak neck muscles
people between the ages of 16-25 have the most opportunities as they are the most physically fit and they also have the most free time and schools and universities receive funding to increase participation rates
people over the age of 50 are physically limited due to lower strength, flexibility and fitness which can increase injury risk so often partake in sports such as swimming, walking and bowls
factors affecting participation in socio-economic group
people in society are divided into groups based on occupation, status, income and industry
participation rates are high among managerial/professional workers and intermediate social groups and is lower among manual workers/unemployed people
those who are wealthier could afford to do sports like polo or skiing as there is lots of specialist equipment and facilities involved
less wealthy people are more likely to do sports such as football or basketball as they are less expensive
working irregular shifts or not having accessible transport makes you less likely to participate in sports
factors affecting participation in ethnicity
certain ethnicities follow different religions which will impact sporting choices e.g Muslim women keep their bodies covered up so won’t do sports such as swimming and may attend women only sessions
racism limits ethnic minorities from participating in sports such as football e.g racist chants at football matches
to combat this, more severe punishments are put in place e.g FA ‘kick out’
genetic makeup can affect what sports people take part in e.g African people have more slow twitch fibres so are more suited to marathons and Caribbean people have more fast twitch fibres so are more suited to sprints
Christians and Orthadox Jews won’t play sports on Sundays due to the Sabbath
factors affecting participation in disability
a disability is a mental or physical impairment that has a long-term negative effect on a person’s ability to carry out normal daily activities
blind people have sporting adaptations such as a bell in a football
paralysed people have an increased risk of injury and may struggle to keep up with able-bodied people
there is an increase in the number of people with a disability taking part in sport, however sporting facilities are limited and there is little media coverage
factors affecting participation in people
family:
can get you interested in sports as they influence you
parents can also provide money for equipment, fees and clothing
they can encourage and support you
they can become involved in coaching
there can be a lot of pressure from them causing a hate for the sport and a negative relationship
friends:
likely to play sports that your friends play and dislike ones they dislike
you may compare yourself to friends performance and put pressure on yourself or have pressure from them
role models:
they inspire people to play their sport and try and get to a higher level
have responsibilities to be positive and not take drugs or be deviant
