Sport And Society ✅ Flashcards
Give a description of upper class and examples of sports they played in pre industrial Britain
Aristocracy or gentry who were hereditary landowners
Real tennis, fox hunting
Give a description and example of lower class people on pre industrial Britain
Peasants who worked manually, mainly on the land
Mob football, dog fighting, prize fighting
Simple activities and violence
How did gender influence participation in pre industrial Britain
Upper and lower: women participated in very different activities, women seen as weaker sex, activities women participated in errr not too strenuous or dangerous
Upper: archery
Lower: during county fairs, allowed to take part in smock races
How did law and order in pre industrial Britain affect participation
Upper and lower: little law and order, reflected in activities undertaken
Lower: involved in bare knuckle fighting or animal baiting, lack of order and animal cruelty- games like mob football had few rules showing lack of law and order in society
How did education and literacy affect participantion in pre industrial Britain
Upper: educated and literate, could read and write and understand written rules and sophisticated activities eg real tennis
Lower: uneducated and illiterate, could understand simple activities with few rules eg mob football
How did availability of time affect participation in pre industrial Britain
Upper: had more time and could be involved in longer lasting activities eg fox hunting
Lower: worked long exhausting hours had little time or energy for physical activities, few activities participated in were confined to festivals or holiday days
How did availability of money affect participation in pre industrial Britain
Upper: had more money therefore more opportunities to be involved in physical activities of their choice, could afford horses clothing equipment etc, had access to specialized facilities eg real tennis court
Lower: no spare money to spend on physical activities
How did type of transport affect participation in pre industrial Britain
Upper and lower: activities were local, transport generally by horse and cart or walking
Upper: more opportunity to travel further by horse and carriage but limited by roads, could get to facilities like real tennis courts
Lower: people prevented from leaving village by poor roads
How did social class in post industrial Britain affect sports
Middle class now a thing
Middle class included professionals, factory owners and managers
Many members of middle class went to public school
What was the difference in sports between amateurs and professionals
Amateurs were not paid, status suited upper and middle classes
Cricket: amateurs and professionals played in same team but was social distinction eg lower class bowled and clean kit
Soccer and rugby: lower class paid to miss a days work to play, tensions lead to splitting rugby into 2
How did gender and changing status of women affect sport in post industrial Britain
Early 19th century:Women expected to marry have children and be financially dependent on husband and education pointless
Schooling for girls initially limited, allowed to become teachers
Late 19th century: due to high mortality rate and serving in army suppressed assumption women had to marry
Effort formed part of a wider movement of campaigns for women rights
Had encouraging effect on women to be more involved in sports
How did education and literacy affect sports in post industrial Britain
Majority of working class had little interest in education due to perceived as irrelevance
Child labor still common
Education become free and more accessible to working classes allowing them to understand more sophisticated sports
How did availability of time and money affect sports in post industrial Britain
Increase in leisure time after mid 19th century allowed sport do develop
Working class found participation difficult due to lack of disposable income
Growth of factories meant longer and harder working hours (72hours a week)
Introduction of Saturday half days allowed more time for sport and leisure
Living conditions remained poor
Factory owners recognized happy healthy workforce being more productive
1965 working week 40-45 hours
How did type of transport affect sport in post industrial Britain
Railways important in development of sea side resorts and in sports allowed fixtures to be played around country
How did the influence of public schools promote and organize sports
Beginning 19th century: sport unorganized, bullying and exploitation of younger boys were common
Middle 19th century: changing ethos of public schools, sport become important of education in upper/ middle classes boys
how did the promotion of ethics through sport affect sport
Thomas Arnold (head teacher at Rugby school) wanted pupils to grow up as Christian gentlemen, revised fagging system and promoted regulated sports
Developed house system influencing formation of competitive teams
What is the cult of athleticism
Ideas of muscular Christianity linked sport with being Christian gentlemen, establishing link between sports and games and a moral and ethical character
Development of character through sport
How did the spread and export of games affect sport in post industrial Britain
By 1845 pupils at Rugby wrote down rules of football and their school, pupils took games to university’s but played different versions
1863: FA formed to decide rules
How did class affect 20th century sport in Britain
The pub was center of (amateur) sporting activity for working class men
In horse racing and boxing, middle and upper class put up the money and lower class took part
In team sports such as cricket, working class and middle class would complete side by side
Working class men had less free time for sport then middle and upper classes
Sport played important part in troop morale during WW1, aftermath of war spectator sport gained popularity
Crowds mostly well behaved
Unemployed and unskilled workers could not afford to spectate
How did gender affect 20th century sport in Britain
Participation of women in physical recreation had dropped dramatically in 1900
Crowds at professional football and rugby league games became male dominated, showing a shared sense of community and class
Professional sport was mainly watched by male skill workers, only a few women and middle class spectators
Working class women were excluded from professional spot by the constraints of time and money
How did law and order affect sport in 20th century Britain
Fields of play were enclosed, formal games timetabled, written codes of conduct
Spectators had to pay to watch; in boxing gloves were worn, numbered kits in football
Teams and spectators able to travel widely, sports events were held on Saturdays rather then festival days
Professional teams formed in football,rugby,cricket
Growing crowds demanded purpose built grounds and stadia, spectatorism emerged, with more watching then participating
Gambling was still an essential part of sport
A sports press developed
How did education affect sport in 20th century sport
Education Act of 1944 (Butler act)- to continue spiritual, mental and physical developments of community
All schools curricula included PE and some elements of sport
Grammar schools often emulated public school provision of sport and ran competitive sports teams in major sports
Secondary modern schools ran a range of sports teams
Sport was also promoted through extra-curricular provision in schools
How did availability of time, money and space for sport affect sport in 20 century Britain
Gradual increase in leisure time and money, men played as well watched sport
Towns offered many different sports
Availability of money enabled darts dominoes and billiards to flourish inside pubs
Space was a key requirement, but it was at a premium and the land that was available was heavily used
How did transport affect 20 century sport in Britain
Public and private transport become much more available to everyone, increased numbers could now Participate in and spectate sport
In late 1940’s radio coverage increased spectacle of football, rugby, cricket attracting large crowds
Large crowds were at 1948 London Olympics, rejuvenating tourism and the economy
Internal competitions, accessible by international travel, served as a ‘shop window’ for the host city
How did class affect sport in 21 century sport in Britain
Sport still associated with those who are perceived to be of a certain social class
Sports more mixed, eg football middle class now likely to state they are football fans
Tennis, golf, polo still associated with upper and middle classes because of expense and social elitism associated with joining clubs
Elite Olympic sport has a disproportionate number of privately educated, therefore more middle class athletes
Sport participation of over 16YO is greater among higher socio-economic groups
Social mobility can be achieved through sports
How has amateurism and professionalism affected 21 century sport in Britain
Social class is a factor in whether someone is likely to be an amateur or a professional in sport
Amateurs in cricket and rugby have traditionally been middle-class
Professionals in football have traditionally been working class
Rugby now consists of a broad range of professionals from all backgrounds
How does gender affect 21 century sport in Britain
More men then women still participate in or watch sport
Sport is still regarded by some as ‘unfeminine’, reinforcing male dominance in sport and sports coverage
Certain activities traditionally linked to males (Team sports), females (dance)
More women than ever now involved in physical exercise and there is more interest in health and fitness activities
Participation rates of women in football and rugby continuing to grow
There is an increased number of female sports presenters, encouraging interest and proving female roles
How does law and order affect 21 century sport in Britain
Legislation that affects sport is sophisticated and specific to sport
Rights of athletes and spectators and their safety now protected by law
Law also been used increased to protect it to litigate against officials and referees
Banning order been used in football to stop disruptive fans from attending matches and from traveling abroad
Law been involved in areas of misuse of drugs, misconduct on and off field and match fixing
Laws to prevent discrimination based on race, gender, disability, age, sexual orientation and religion exist in Uk and have impacted sport
How has education affected sport in 21 century Britain
Children between ages of 5-16 must receive education
Young people must remain in education of training until 18
Examinations and qualifications in physical education and sport, including sports science, have increased in availability in 21 century
GCE, A level, GCSE… qualification available in PE/ sport
Uni offer a wide range of PE/sport related degrees
How does availability of time, money and transport affect sport in 21 Century sport
Society become much more technological, increasing time available
Flexible working conditions have increased the time available
Most people better off, although a substantial number of people struggle to make ends meet; 1 in 6 people live in poverty
Global covid 19 pandemic may have affected disposable income; less money being spent on sport and exercise, participation rates among children suffered during pandemic
Availability of transport has increased: access to cars, buses, trains and cheap airfares has increased sport participation and spectatorship
How has globalization affected sport (what 3 factors)
Freedom of movement for performers
Greater exposure of people to sport
Media coverage
How has globalization sport affected freedom of movement of performers and greater exposure of people to sport
Sport is a global marketplace for participants to demand high wages for their skill (eg in football)
National and international laws allow freedom of movement (particularly in the EU)
Some performers change nationality (eg athletics)
Many spectators now travel to support teams or watch international competitions (eg Olympics)
How has media coverage affected globalization of sport
Increased TV coverage due to commercial boost of late 1990’s led to globalization of sport
Media have increased number of people who watch televised sport- rugby league changed its season to fit this
Very little media attention has been devoted to sporting inequalities based on class, gender and ethnicity
Rules been influenced and timings of games are fixed to suit TV
Olympic Games events are often scheduled at unsuitable times, due to TV
In cricket, third umpire has come into play due to influence of TV
Who established the modern Olympics
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
What were the aims of the modern Olympics
Promote development of physical and moral qualities of sport
Spread Olympic values, creating international goodwill
Bring together athletes of the world every 4 years
Educate young people through sports in a spirit of better understanding between each other and friendship, thereby helping to build a peaceful world
What are the Olympic values
Encourage effort- striving for excellence (determination)
Preserve human dignity- demonstrating respect (courage, inspiration)
Develop harmony- celebrating friendship (equality)
What is the British Olympic Association (BOA)
Formed in 1905
Responsible for planning and execution of GB’s Olympic team participation in winter and summer games
Responsibility for developing the Olympic movement in the UK
Not funded by government, no political interest, dependent on commercial sponsorship and fundraising income
What is the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
Created by Paris Congress in 1994
Owns all rights to the Olympic symbol and the Games themselves
Administers the Olympic movement and has headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland
Members are appointed to the IOC and are responsible for selecting host cities
Describe the 1936 Berlin Olympics
Games used by Hitler as a stage of propaganda for Third Reich (ideology that viewed Germany as superior empire).
German athletes trainees full time, undermining amateur ideal of games
Hitler refused to place gold medal around Jesse Owen’s after beating Lutz Lang
Describe 1968 Mexico City Olympics
Black power demonstration
South Africa invite withdrawn as other countries threatened to boycott due to its apartheid regime
African Americans raised black glove fists on medal ceremony (black power solute)
Describe 1972 Munich Olympics
Palestinian terrorism
Palestinian terrorists seized 11 Israeli athletes and demanded release of 234 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel
5 terrorist and all hostages killed
Describe 1980 Moscow Olympics
Boycott led by USA
USSR invaded Afghanistan, created conflict and Cold War
Western nations boycotted (4000 athletes)
Describe 1984 LA Olympics
Boycott led by USA
In response to 1980 games
Eastern nations boycotted (14 nations)
USSR blamed lack of security and commercialization of takes
Give the advantages of sporting impact for hosting a major sporting event
Raises profile of the sport, may lead to increase participation eg bmx from Tokyo 2020
New or upgraded venues are built, eg london stadium 2012
Event can focus on minority sports, which may inspire participation
An increase in funding for the sports involved
Event can bring increases sponsorship and commercial income for individuals and governing bodies
Give the disadvantages from sporting impacts of hosting a major sports event
New facilities can end up not being used after, eg olympic kayaking course Beijing 2008
Lesser known non-global sports can suffer eg squad not an Olympic sport and attracts little funding
Sports deviance is likely to be highlighted by media at global events, eg hooliganism at euro 2020
Give advantages of social pact for hosting a major sporting event
More money brought into city or country, which can be used to benefit local population
Events can give pride to host nation or city and help with nation building
Improved use of sport facilities by local communities
Can improve transport systems
Accommodation built for event can be used by community
Give disadvantages of social impact for hosting a major sporting event
Some areas of country may not get same benefits as host city
Some areas of host country do not benefit from improved infrastructure and transport
Local inhabitants may have to vacate land being used for sport venues
Events bring increased numbers of people into cities, which can lead to increased pollution and negative environmental impacts
Give advantages of economic impact for hosting a major sporting event
Increased income leads to positive economic impact, more money brought to host city by those who participate or spectate
More jobs created through building of facilities and creation of transport infrastructure and other support for events
Increase in tourism and related economic benefits during and after event
Commercial benefits related to goods sold in area of event and also on sale of event- related goods
Give disadvantages of economic impact for hosting a major sporting event
Bidding to bosh event can be expensive
Events can cause overall economic loss
Benefits to employment and long term jobs are often exaggerated
If events or participants are linked with failure it can lead to loss of revenue and merchandise sales
Give advantages of political impact for hosting a major sporting event
Individual political parties and their leaders can gain credit and therefore more votes if a bid is successful
Staging an event can bring unity and a sense of purpose to a country
Country or city can be used as a shop window for its culture and commerce, raising its status in the eyes of the world
Give disadvantages of political impact of hosting a major sporting event
If cost is too high over budget, can bring political disadvantages, losing votes and decreasing economic resources
If something goes wrong, politicians have to shoulder responsibility
If host nation does poorly, can reflect badly on political party
Negative environmental impacts can decrease political popularity
If legacy of event is negative, this can be politically damaging
Protests by athletes or spectators can be politically embarrassing
