Energy For Exercise✅ Flashcards
What is ATP made from
One adenosine and 3 phosphate groups held together by chemical energy
How is energy created from ATP, what is the enzyme used
Energy stored in bind between last 2 phosphate groups, when bond broken down by enzyme ATPase, energy is released that can be used to make muscle cell contract
What is the equation for breakdown of ATP
ATP——> ADP + P + energy
What is the equation for resynthesis of ATP
ADP + P + energy ——-> ATP
Describe the ATP/PC system:
type of reaction
Chemical or food used:
Site of reaction:
Controlling enzyme:
Energy yield:
Specific stages of system:
Energy equation:
Type Of reaction: anaerobic
Chemical or food used: Phosphocreatine
Site of reaction: sacroplasm
Controlling enzyme: creatine kinase
Energy yield: 1 mol of ATP
Specific stage: PC—-> P+C+ energy (exothermic), energy+ADP+P—->ATP(endothermic)
Energy equation: PC—-> P+C+energy
Energy+ADP+P—>ATP
Descibe the Glycolytic system:
type of reaction
Chemical or food used:
Site of reaction:
Controlling enzyme:
Energy yield:
Specific stages of system:
Energy equation:
Type of reaction: anaerobic
Chemical/food use: Glycogen/ glucose
Site of reaction: Sacroplasm
Controlling enzyme: Glycogen Phosphorylase (GPP), phosphofructokinase (PFK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Energy yield: 2 moles of ATP
Specific stage of system: Glucose undergoes anaerobic glycolysis, Pyruvic acid/without O2—> lactic acid
Energy equation: C6H12O6—-> 2C3H6O6
Describe the Aerobic system:
type of reaction
Chemical or food used:
Site of reaction:
Controlling enzyme:
Energy yield:
Specific stages of system:
Energy equation:
Type of reaction: Aerobic
Chemical/ food fuel used: Glycogen/glucose or fat
Site of reaction: Stage 1=sacroplasm,stage 2= krebs cycle-matrix, stage 3=Cristae
Controlling enzyme: Phophofructokinase, Acetyl CoA
Energy yield: 38 moles of ATP
Specific stages: aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Energy equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2—> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Describe the ATP/PC system:
By products formed:
Intensity of activity:
Duration of system:
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
By products: none
Intensity of activity: very high
Duration: 2-10 seconds
Strengths: no delay of O2, PC readily available in muscle cell, simple and rapid breakdown of PC, provide energy quickly, no fatiguing by-products
Weaknessses: Low ATP yield and small PC stores lead to rapid fatigue after 8-10seconds
Describe Glycolytic system:
By products formed:
Intensity of activity:
Duration of system:
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
By-products: lactic acid
Intensity of activity: high intensity
Duration: up to 3 mins
Strengths: no delay for O2, large fuel stores in Liver, provides energy for high intensity activities for up to 3 mins, lactic acid can be recycled into fuel for further energy production
Weaknesses: fatiguing by-product lactic acid reduces pH and enzyme activity, relatively low ATP yield and recovery can be lengthy
Describe the Aerobic system:
By products formed:
Intensity of activity:
Duration of system:
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
By-product: CO2+H2O
Intensity: low-moderate/submax
Duration: 3 mins onwards
Strengths: large fuels: triglycerides free fatty acids glycogen and glucose, high ATP yield and long duration of energy production, no fatiguing by-products
Weaknesses: delay for O2 delivery and complex series of reactions, slow energy production limits to submax intensity, FFAs demand 15% more O2 for breakdown
What is intermittent exercise
Activity where intensity alternates, either during interval training between work and relief intervals or during a game with breaks of play and changes if intensity
Eg, rugby player
Describe the % of anaerobic and % of aerobic during maximal exercise
10,30,60 (s), 2,4,10,30,60,120(M)
Anaerobic: 90,80,70, 50,35,15,5,2,1
Aerobic: 10,20,30. 50,65,85,95,98,99
Describe the % energy supplied graph
0-10seconds: ATP-PC
10seconds-3 minutes: Lactic acid (peak at 1min)
3 min+: Aerobic
How quickly do PC stores replenish
50% in 30 seconds, 100% in 3 minutes
How quickly can Oxygen stored in myoglobin be replenished
100% In 3 mins
At what value does OBLA start
Above 4mmol/L
For untrained and trained atheletes when does OBLA occurs
Untrained: at about 50% VO2 max
Trained: at abour 85% VO2 max
Why do trained athletes reach OBLA later
Increased ability to tolerate lactic acid and to remove waste products and supple oxygen to working muscles (buffering capacity)
What does OBLA stand for
Onset of blood lactate accumulation
What does EPOC stand for
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Describe Fast alactacid component recovery process (PC stores and replenishment of blood in muscle oxygen)
PC stores: 30secs- 50%, 60secs-75%,120secs-100%
Replenishment of blood in muscle oxygen: within first minute, O2 resaturates the bloodstream, associating with haemoglobin, within 3 mins restoring oxymyoglobin link in muscle cells
describe slow lactacid components (secondary stage of recovery-3mins up to 24 hours)
elevated ventilation and circulation- post exercise respiratory rate, depth and HR elevated. These gradually decrease to resting levels to maximise delivery of O2 and removal of by-products
elevated body temp- post-exercise body temp increases metabolic rate, accounting for 60-70% of slow lactacid component of EPOC
removal of lactic acid- 50-75% converted back to pyruvate acid and enters krebs cycle; used in aerobic metabolism, approx 10-25% converted back to glucose and glycogen (gluconeogenesis and glyconeogensis), can be converted into proteins by cori cycle, can be removed via sweating and in urine
what are the implications of recovery for training
warm up-minimising time spent using anaerobic energy systems, reducing oxygen deficit
active recovery- maintains respiratory rate and HR, speeding up removal of lactic acid
cooling aids- used post event to speed up lactic acid removal and reduce DOMS
intensity of training- high intensity will increase muscle mass, ATP, PC storage, tolerance to lactic acid, buffering capacity, delay OBLA reducing demand for slow component. Low/moderate will increase aerobic capacity, delay OBLA, maximise O2 delivery during EPOC
work: relief ratio
strategies and tactics- time outs, substitutions and lower intensity set plays delay OBLA and fatigue
nutrition- correct pre, during, post match meals maximises fuel stores, delay fatigue, reduce lactic acid accumulation and speed up recovery
