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Pe > Skill Acquisation✅ > Flashcards

Skill Acquisation✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classification of skills

A

Difficulty (simple-complex)
Environmental influence (open-closed)
Pacing (self paced-externally paced)
Muscular involvement (gross-fine)
Continuity (discrete-serial-continuous)
Organization (high organization-low organization)

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2
Q

Give example of pacing classification of skill

A

Self paced= javelin throw
Externally paced= reviving a serve in badminton

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3
Q

Give an example of continuity classification of skills

A

Discrete= penalty flick in hockey
Serial= triple jump
Continuous= cycling

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4
Q

Give an example of organization skill classification

A

High organization= dribbling a basketball
Low organization= tennis serve

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5
Q

What is part practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

A

Working on a isolated sub-routine with the aim of perfecting it

With skills that are low in organization- easily broken down into spectate sub routines, if the task is complex and dangerous

Allows performers to make sense of a skill and gain confidence, reduce possibility of overload

Practicing the backswing only in the tennis serve

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6
Q

What is whole practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

A

Skills being taught without breaking down into sub-routines or parts

With skills that are high in organization and need to be taught as a whole

Allows learner to experience the feel of the skill- kinaesthesis

Sprinting and dribbling, golf swing

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7
Q

What is whole part whole practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

A

Practicing the whole skill, then practicing a sub routine in isolation, then practicing the whole skill again

With serial skills or skills with low organization when sub-routines have distinct features

To recognize strengths and weakness then correct specific skill, allows some feel of the skill

Practice who swimming stroke, then leg kick in isolation, then practice whole stroke again

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8
Q

What is progressive- part practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

A

Skills broken down into sub-routines; performer learns one link then a second link, and practices these then further links are added

With complex skills as it reduces information load, low organization skills, good for serial skills

Helpful to allow performer to learn links between sub-routines and transfer these skills into the whole

Gymnastics floor routine

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9
Q

What is massed practice, when is it used, why is it used, examples

A

Practice sessions with very short or no rest intervals

Good for discrete skills of short duration, with highly motivated performers with good fitness levels

To groove skills, king sessions used when coach wants to simulate elements of fatigue

Basketball player practices shooting by doing drills that involve many shots from different positions around the key

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10
Q

Give an example of a gross and fine skill

A

Gross: shot put
Fine: snooker shot

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11
Q

Give an example of an open and closed skill

A

Open: long pass in football
Closed: basketball free-throw

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12
Q

What is distributed practice

A

Involves relatively long rests between trials, eg basketball drills, players could play table tennis, however rest periods should not involve activities which could lead to negative transfer.

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13
Q

What is fixed practice

A

Involves a stable and predictable practice environment, with practice conditions remaining unchanging or fixed, eg a badminton player might repeatedly practice short flick serve into opponents sevice box

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14
Q

What is varied practice

A

Practice needs to be varied so performer can come into contact with range of experiences. Relevant experiences are stored in long term memory and can be used to modify Motor programs in the future.

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15
Q

What is positive transfer

A

One skill can help in learning of performance of another

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16
Q

What is negative transfer

A

A skill may hinder the learning or performance of another skill

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17
Q

What is proactive transfer

A

If this influences a skill yet to be learned or performed

18
Q

What is retroactive transfer

A

If it influences the performance of a previously learned skill

19
Q

What is bilateral transfer

A

Involves the use of either opposing limb to perform a skill with equal competence

20
Q

How to optimize positive transfer

A

Explaining to performer when a certain practice might help the development of particular skills, Activites involved should emulate real game situations as much as possible to get kinaesthetic sense is experienced

21
Q

What are the 3 stages of learning

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

22
Q

What are the different types of guidance and give an example of each

A

Verbal: coach telling player what bit of football to pass a ball with
Mechanical: harness in gymnastics
Visual: watching a pro player technique
Manual: coach physically moving player into right position

23
Q

What are advantages of visual guidance

A

Performer can find it east to create a mental picture of what is required by watching demonstration

Enable the skill to be seen in different stages to make it easier to learn or develop

Encourages observational learning by drawing attention to important cues

24
Q

What are disadvantages of visual guidance

A

Demonstration could be incorrect and therefore performer could learn bad habits

Coach may not be able to show accurate demonstration

Visual representation may be unclear or the skill production too quick for the performer to follow it effectively

25
Q

What are advantages of verbal guidance

A

Can be in the form of feedback, which can reinforce good movements and to identify errors that might then be correct

Can hold the attention of the performer if used appropriately and can be used to motivate the performer to learn and develop the movement skills

26
Q

What are disadvantages of verbal guidance

A

Can lead to information overload- with performer getting either distracted or confused

Guidance given could be inaccurate and performer may not develop skills effectively

27
Q

When is verbal guidance used

A

Associative and autonomous: effective for improving skills and development, with tactics

28
Q

When is visual guidance used

A

Cognitive: create a mental image of the skill and it’s performance

29
Q

Advantages of mechanical/ manual guidance

A

Give performer a greater sense of safety and help with their confidence

Can be used to isolate important aspect of the skill to practice as a separate subroutine

30
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical/ manual guidance

A

Can be over- restrictive to the performer who feels a lack of control over the movement

Can lead to a false sense of kinaesthesis

31
Q

When is intrinsic feedback used and what are advantages and disadvantages

A

For autonomous
Advantages:

32
Q

What is the operant conditioning learning theory

A

Associationist view:

Trial and error learning
Correct response rewarded
Reinforces correct response
Behavior is shaped

33
Q

What is thorneikes laws learning theory

A

Based on strengthening S-R bonds

Law of exercise: rehearsing or repeating strengthens reinforcement
Law of effect: followed by a pleasant reaction, S-R bond strengthened, if reaction is negative, S-R bond weakened
Law of readiness: athlete must be both mentally and physically capable of performing skill efficiently

34
Q

What is the cognitive theory of learning

A

Intervening variables and insight learning

Learning best achieved by practicing whole skill
Learner must understand and think about problem as a whole
Thought processes are dependent on perception
Learner will use intelligence, current knowledge and previous experience to plan or predict a solution

35
Q

What is the observational learning theory

A

Copying behavior of others

Behavior copied if role model is a significant other or of high status
Role models more likely to be copied or same gender
Form of visual guidance
Demonstration presented for learner to copy
Process involves attention, retention, motor reproduction of and motivation

36
Q

What are the 3 stages of remembering information

A

Short term sensory store
Short term memory
Long term memory

37
Q

What is the short term sensory store

A

STSS is a limitless memory store for holding information for 1 second
Viewed as subdivided part of STM
Streams of sensory stimuli/ information passed into and stored very briefly
Selective attentions selects relevant stimuli and directs to STM

38
Q

What is short term memory

A

Represents a working memory space where information from STSS and LTM is received and brought together
STM has limited capacity to store info- around 7 items, info held for as long as attention held
STM is limited to less then 1 minute
Info can be held by chunking

39
Q

What is long term memory

A

Contains well learned, retained and permanent coded info collected over past experiences
LTM is limitless in capacity and length or retention
Well learned and rehearsed movement skills from STM eventually stored in LTM as motor programmes for future use
Relevant info from LTM can be retrieved into STM workspace to be used for comparison, to identify stimuli, decision making

40
Q

What are the advantages of multi store memory model

A

Advantages: simplifies memory process, explain how those with brain damage may have dysfunctional memory

Dis: too simplified, not prove distinction between STM and LTM and not explain interaction between STM and LTM

41
Q

What is the Craik and Lockhart level
Of processing model

A

Information we receive from brain will be transferred to long term memory if information is:
Considered, understood, meaningful

More deeply info is processed, the longer the memory trace, 3 levels related to processing verbal info:
1. Structural level: paying attention to what words look like
2. Phonetic level: processing words and sounds
3. Semantic level: considering actual meaning of words

42
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of craik and Lockhart processing model

A

Adv: explains that if we understand info, more likely to remember it, longer we consider and analyze info the more we remember it

Dis: longer time taken to process info does not always lead to better recall, difficult to know what deep processing involves, not take into account individual differences

Pe (9 decks)

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