Skill Acquisation✅ Flashcards
What are the 6 classification of skills
Difficulty (simple-complex)
Environmental influence (open-closed)
Pacing (self paced-externally paced)
Muscular involvement (gross-fine)
Continuity (discrete-serial-continuous)
Organization (high organization-low organization)
Give example of pacing classification of skill
Self paced= javelin throw
Externally paced= reviving a serve in badminton
Give an example of continuity classification of skills
Discrete= penalty flick in hockey
Serial= triple jump
Continuous= cycling
Give an example of organization skill classification
High organization= dribbling a basketball
Low organization= tennis serve
What is part practice, when is it used, why is it used, example
Working on a isolated sub-routine with the aim of perfecting it
With skills that are low in organization- easily broken down into spectate sub routines, if the task is complex and dangerous
Allows performers to make sense of a skill and gain confidence, reduce possibility of overload
Practicing the backswing only in the tennis serve
What is whole practice, when is it used, why is it used, example
Skills being taught without breaking down into sub-routines or parts
With skills that are high in organization and need to be taught as a whole
Allows learner to experience the feel of the skill- kinaesthesis
Sprinting and dribbling, golf swing
What is whole part whole practice, when is it used, why is it used, example
Practicing the whole skill, then practicing a sub routine in isolation, then practicing the whole skill again
With serial skills or skills with low organization when sub-routines have distinct features
To recognize strengths and weakness then correct specific skill, allows some feel of the skill
Practice who swimming stroke, then leg kick in isolation, then practice whole stroke again
What is progressive- part practice, when is it used, why is it used, example
Skills broken down into sub-routines; performer learns one link then a second link, and practices these then further links are added
With complex skills as it reduces information load, low organization skills, good for serial skills
Helpful to allow performer to learn links between sub-routines and transfer these skills into the whole
Gymnastics floor routine
What is massed practice, when is it used, why is it used, examples
Practice sessions with very short or no rest intervals
Good for discrete skills of short duration, with highly motivated performers with good fitness levels
To groove skills, king sessions used when coach wants to simulate elements of fatigue
Basketball player practices shooting by doing drills that involve many shots from different positions around the key
Give an example of a gross and fine skill
Gross: shot put
Fine: snooker shot
Give an example of an open and closed skill
Open: long pass in football
Closed: basketball free-throw
What is distributed practice
Involves relatively long rests between trials, eg basketball drills, players could play table tennis, however rest periods should not involve activities which could lead to negative transfer.
What is fixed practice
Involves a stable and predictable practice environment, with practice conditions remaining unchanging or fixed, eg a badminton player might repeatedly practice short flick serve into opponents sevice box
What is varied practice
Practice needs to be varied so performer can come into contact with range of experiences. Relevant experiences are stored in long term memory and can be used to modify Motor programs in the future.
What is positive transfer
One skill can help in learning of performance of another
What is negative transfer
A skill may hinder the learning or performance of another skill
What is proactive transfer
If this influences a skill yet to be learned or performed
What is retroactive transfer
If it influences the performance of a previously learned skill
What is bilateral transfer
Involves the use of either opposing limb to perform a skill with equal competence
How to optimize positive transfer
Explaining to performer when a certain practice might help the development of particular skills, Activites involved should emulate real game situations as much as possible to get kinaesthetic sense is experienced
What are the 3 stages of learning
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
What are the different types of guidance and give an example of each
Verbal: coach telling player what bit of football to pass a ball with
Mechanical: harness in gymnastics
Visual: watching a pro player technique
Manual: coach physically moving player into right position
What are advantages of visual guidance
Performer can find it east to create a mental picture of what is required by watching demonstration
Enable the skill to be seen in different stages to make it easier to learn or develop
Encourages observational learning by drawing attention to important cues
What are disadvantages of visual guidance
Demonstration could be incorrect and therefore performer could learn bad habits
Coach may not be able to show accurate demonstration
Visual representation may be unclear or the skill production too quick for the performer to follow it effectively
What are advantages of verbal guidance
Can be in the form of feedback, which can reinforce good movements and to identify errors that might then be correct
Can hold the attention of the performer if used appropriately and can be used to motivate the performer to learn and develop the movement skills
What are disadvantages of verbal guidance
Can lead to information overload- with performer getting either distracted or confused
Guidance given could be inaccurate and performer may not develop skills effectively
When is verbal guidance used
Associative and autonomous: effective for improving skills and development, with tactics
When is visual guidance used
Cognitive: create a mental image of the skill and it’s performance
Advantages of mechanical/ manual guidance
Give performer a greater sense of safety and help with their confidence
Can be used to isolate important aspect of the skill to practice as a separate subroutine
Disadvantages of mechanical/ manual guidance
Can be over- restrictive to the performer who feels a lack of control over the movement
Can lead to a false sense of kinaesthesis
When is intrinsic feedback used and what are advantages and disadvantages
For autonomous
Advantages:
What is the operant conditioning learning theory
Associationist view:
Trial and error learning
Correct response rewarded
Reinforces correct response
Behavior is shaped
What is thorneikes laws learning theory
Based on strengthening S-R bonds
Law of exercise: rehearsing or repeating strengthens reinforcement
Law of effect: followed by a pleasant reaction, S-R bond strengthened, if reaction is negative, S-R bond weakened
Law of readiness: athlete must be both mentally and physically capable of performing skill efficiently
What is the cognitive theory of learning
Intervening variables and insight learning
Learning best achieved by practicing whole skill
Learner must understand and think about problem as a whole
Thought processes are dependent on perception
Learner will use intelligence, current knowledge and previous experience to plan or predict a solution
What is the observational learning theory
Copying behavior of others
Behavior copied if role model is a significant other or of high status
Role models more likely to be copied or same gender
Form of visual guidance
Demonstration presented for learner to copy
Process involves attention, retention, motor reproduction of and motivation
What are the 3 stages of remembering information
Short term sensory store
Short term memory
Long term memory
What is the short term sensory store
STSS is a limitless memory store for holding information for 1 second
Viewed as subdivided part of STM
Streams of sensory stimuli/ information passed into and stored very briefly
Selective attentions selects relevant stimuli and directs to STM
What is short term memory
Represents a working memory space where information from STSS and LTM is received and brought together
STM has limited capacity to store info- around 7 items, info held for as long as attention held
STM is limited to less then 1 minute
Info can be held by chunking
What is long term memory
Contains well learned, retained and permanent coded info collected over past experiences
LTM is limitless in capacity and length or retention
Well learned and rehearsed movement skills from STM eventually stored in LTM as motor programmes for future use
Relevant info from LTM can be retrieved into STM workspace to be used for comparison, to identify stimuli, decision making
What are the advantages of multi store memory model
Advantages: simplifies memory process, explain how those with brain damage may have dysfunctional memory
Dis: too simplified, not prove distinction between STM and LTM and not explain interaction between STM and LTM
What is the Craik and Lockhart level
Of processing model
Information we receive from brain will be transferred to long term memory if information is:
Considered, understood, meaningful
More deeply info is processed, the longer the memory trace, 3 levels related to processing verbal info:
1. Structural level: paying attention to what words look like
2. Phonetic level: processing words and sounds
3. Semantic level: considering actual meaning of words
Give advantages and disadvantages of craik and Lockhart processing model
Adv: explains that if we understand info, more likely to remember it, longer we consider and analyze info the more we remember it
Dis: longer time taken to process info does not always lead to better recall, difficult to know what deep processing involves, not take into account individual differences
