Skill Acquisation✅

Question 1

What are the 6 classification of skills

Answer 1

Difficulty (simple-complex)
Environmental influence (open-closed)
Pacing (self paced-externally paced)
Muscular involvement (gross-fine)
Continuity (discrete-serial-continuous)
Organization (high organization-low organization)

Question 2

Give example of pacing classification of skill

Answer 2

Self paced= javelin throw
Externally paced= reviving a serve in badminton

Question 3

Give an example of continuity classification of skills

Answer 3

Discrete= penalty flick in hockey
Serial= triple jump
Continuous= cycling

Question 4

Give an example of organization skill classification

Answer 4

High organization= dribbling a basketball
Low organization= tennis serve

Question 5

What is part practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

Answer 5

Working on a isolated sub-routine with the aim of perfecting it

With skills that are low in organization- easily broken down into spectate sub routines, if the task is complex and dangerous

Allows performers to make sense of a skill and gain confidence, reduce possibility of overload

Practicing the backswing only in the tennis serve

Question 6

What is whole practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

Answer 6

Skills being taught without breaking down into sub-routines or parts

With skills that are high in organization and need to be taught as a whole

Allows learner to experience the feel of the skill- kinaesthesis

Sprinting and dribbling, golf swing

Question 7

What is whole part whole practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

Answer 7

Practicing the whole skill, then practicing a sub routine in isolation, then practicing the whole skill again

With serial skills or skills with low organization when sub-routines have distinct features

To recognize strengths and weakness then correct specific skill, allows some feel of the skill

Practice who swimming stroke, then leg kick in isolation, then practice whole stroke again

Question 8

What is progressive- part practice, when is it used, why is it used, example

Answer 8

Skills broken down into sub-routines; performer learns one link then a second link, and practices these then further links are added

With complex skills as it reduces information load, low organization skills, good for serial skills

Helpful to allow performer to learn links between sub-routines and transfer these skills into the whole

Gymnastics floor routine

Question 9

What is massed practice, when is it used, why is it used, examples

Answer 9

Practice sessions with very short or no rest intervals

Good for discrete skills of short duration, with highly motivated performers with good fitness levels

To groove skills, king sessions used when coach wants to simulate elements of fatigue

Basketball player practices shooting by doing drills that involve many shots from different positions around the key

Question 10

Give an example of a gross and fine skill

Answer 10

Gross: shot put
Fine: snooker shot

Question 11

Give an example of an open and closed skill

Answer 11

Open: long pass in football
Closed: basketball free-throw

Question 12

What is distributed practice

Answer 12

Involves relatively long rests between trials, eg basketball drills, players could play table tennis, however rest periods should not involve activities which could lead to negative transfer.

Question 13

What is fixed practice

Answer 13

Involves a stable and predictable practice environment, with practice conditions remaining unchanging or fixed, eg a badminton player might repeatedly practice short flick serve into opponents sevice box

Question 14

What is varied practice

Answer 14

Practice needs to be varied so performer can come into contact with range of experiences. Relevant experiences are stored in long term memory and can be used to modify Motor programs in the future.

Question 15

What is positive transfer

Answer 15

One skill can help in learning of performance of another

Question 16

What is negative transfer

Answer 16

A skill may hinder the learning or performance of another skill

Question 17

What is proactive transfer

Answer 17

If this influences a skill yet to be learned or performed

Question 18

What is retroactive transfer

Answer 18

If it influences the performance of a previously learned skill

Question 19

What is bilateral transfer

Answer 19

Involves the use of either opposing limb to perform a skill with equal competence

Question 20

How to optimize positive transfer

Answer 20

Explaining to performer when a certain practice might help the development of particular skills, Activites involved should emulate real game situations as much as possible to get kinaesthetic sense is experienced

Question 21

What are the 3 stages of learning

Answer 21

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

Question 22

What are the different types of guidance and give an example of each

Answer 22

Verbal: coach telling player what bit of football to pass a ball with
Mechanical: harness in gymnastics
Visual: watching a pro player technique
Manual: coach physically moving player into right position

Question 23

What are advantages of visual guidance

Answer 23

Performer can find it east to create a mental picture of what is required by watching demonstration

Enable the skill to be seen in different stages to make it easier to learn or develop

Encourages observational learning by drawing attention to important cues

Question 24

What are disadvantages of visual guidance

Answer 24

Demonstration could be incorrect and therefore performer could learn bad habits

Coach may not be able to show accurate demonstration

Visual representation may be unclear or the skill production too quick for the performer to follow it effectively

Question 25

What are advantages of verbal guidance

Answer 25

Can be in the form of feedback, which can reinforce good movements and to identify errors that might then be correct Can hold the attention of the performer if used appropriately and can be used to motivate the performer to learn and develop the movement skills

Question 26

What are disadvantages of verbal guidance

Answer 26

Can lead to information overload- with performer getting either distracted or confused Guidance given could be inaccurate and performer may not develop skills effectively

Question 27

When is verbal guidance used

Answer 27

Associative and autonomous: effective for improving skills and development, with tactics

Question 28

When is visual guidance used

Answer 28

Cognitive: create a mental image of the skill and it’s performance

Question 29

Advantages of mechanical/ manual guidance

Answer 29

Give performer a greater sense of safety and help with their confidence Can be used to isolate important aspect of the skill to practice as a separate subroutine

Question 30

Disadvantages of mechanical/ manual guidance

Answer 30

Can be over- restrictive to the performer who feels a lack of control over the movement Can lead to a false sense of kinaesthesis

Question 31

When is intrinsic feedback used and what are advantages and disadvantages

Answer 31

For autonomous Advantages:

Question 32

What is the operant conditioning learning theory

Answer 32

Associationist view: Trial and error learning Correct response rewarded Reinforces correct response Behavior is shaped

Question 33

What is thorneikes laws learning theory

Answer 33

Based on strengthening S-R bonds Law of exercise: rehearsing or repeating strengthens reinforcement Law of effect: followed by a pleasant reaction, S-R bond strengthened, if reaction is negative, S-R bond weakened Law of readiness: athlete must be both mentally and physically capable of performing skill efficiently

Question 34

What is the cognitive theory of learning

Answer 34

Intervening variables and insight learning Learning best achieved by practicing whole skill Learner must understand and think about problem as a whole Thought processes are dependent on perception Learner will use intelligence, current knowledge and previous experience to plan or predict a solution

Question 35

What is the observational learning theory

Answer 35

Copying behavior of others Behavior copied if role model is a significant other or of high status Role models more likely to be copied or same gender Form of visual guidance Demonstration presented for learner to copy Process involves attention, retention, motor reproduction of and motivation

Question 36

What are the 3 stages of remembering information

Answer 36

Short term sensory store Short term memory Long term memory

Question 37

What is the short term sensory store

Answer 37

STSS is a limitless memory store for holding information for 1 second Viewed as subdivided part of STM Streams of sensory stimuli/ information passed into and stored very briefly Selective attentions selects relevant stimuli and directs to STM

Question 38

What is short term memory

Answer 38

Represents a working memory space where information from STSS and LTM is received and brought together STM has limited capacity to store info- around 7 items, info held for as long as attention held STM is limited to less then 1 minute Info can be held by chunking

Question 39

What is long term memory

Answer 39

Contains well learned, retained and permanent coded info collected over past experiences LTM is limitless in capacity and length or retention Well learned and rehearsed movement skills from STM eventually stored in LTM as motor programmes for future use Relevant info from LTM can be retrieved into STM workspace to be used for comparison, to identify stimuli, decision making

Question 40

What are the advantages of multi store memory model

Answer 40

Advantages: simplifies memory process, explain how those with brain damage may have dysfunctional memory Dis: too simplified, not prove distinction between STM and LTM and not explain interaction between STM and LTM

Question 41

What is the Craik and Lockhart level Of processing model

Answer 41

Information we receive from brain will be transferred to long term memory if information is: Considered, understood, meaningful More deeply info is processed, the longer the memory trace, 3 levels related to processing verbal info: 1. Structural level: paying attention to what words look like 2. Phonetic level: processing words and sounds 3. Semantic level: considering actual meaning of words

Question 42

Give advantages and disadvantages of craik and Lockhart processing model

Answer 42

Adv: explains that if we understand info, more likely to remember it, longer we consider and analyze info the more we remember it Dis: longer time taken to process info does not always lead to better recall, difficult to know what deep processing involves, not take into account individual differences