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Pe > Cardiovascular System And Respiratory ✅ > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System And Respiratory ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is diastole

A

Relaxation of atria and ventricles causes lower pressure within the heart

Blood then passively flows through the atria and into ventricles

Av valves are open, allows blood to move freely from atria to the ventricles

Semilunar valves are closed

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2
Q

What is systole

A

Atrial systole: atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles

Ventricular systole: ventricles contract, AV valves close, semilunar valves open, blood pushed out of ventricles and into the large arteries leaving the heart.

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3
Q

How long is diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole

A

Diastole: 0.4 seconds
Atrial systole: 0.1 seconds
Ventricular systole: 0.3 seconds

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4
Q

Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood

A

BODY-Vena cava-right atrium-tricuspid valve- right ventricle-semilunar valve-pulmonary artery-LUNGS

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5
Q

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood

A

LUNGS-pulmonary vein- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- semilunar valve- aorta- BODY

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6
Q

Definition of heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

Rest Untrained= 70-72
Trained= 50

Sub max untrained: 100-130
Trained: 95-120

Max untrained and trained: 220- age

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7
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume

A

Amount of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat

Rest Untrained= 70ml
Trained=100ml

Sub max untrained: 100-120ml
Trained: 160-200 ml

Max untrained: 100-120
Trained: 160-200ml

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8
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
HR X SV= CO

Rest Untrained= 5L/min
Trained= 5L/min

Sub max untrained: 10-15L/min
Trained: 15-20

Max untrained: 20-30
Trained:30-30

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9
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A resting heart rate below 60bpm

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10
Q

What is the definition of max heart rate

A

Calculated by subtracting your age from 220

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11
Q

How can Stroke volume be able to increase

A

Increased venous return (due to skeletal muscle pump)
The Frank-Starling mechanism

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12
Q

What do arteries are arterioles do, how are they able to do this

A

Carry oxygenated blood from heart muscles and organs
Contain blood under high pressure

Large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict
Arterioles have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the capillary bed

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13
Q

What are capillaries

A

Capillary walls are 1 cell thick
Where gas exchange takes place, O2 passes through capillary wall and into the tissues; CO2 passes from tissues into blood through capillary wall

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14
Q

What do veins and venules do

A

These carry deoxygenated blood from muscles are organs back to the heart, have thin walls
They have a smaller layer of smooth muscle, allowing them to venodilate and venoconstrict
Contain blood under low pressure
Have 1 way pocket to prevent backflow of blood

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15
Q

What 5 things make up the conduction system

A

1: SA node- generates electrical impulses causing atria walls to contract (known as pacemaker, determines heart rate)

2: AV node- collects the impulse and delays it by 0.1 seconds to allow atria to finish contracting

3: bundle of his- located in septum, splits the impulse in 2, ready to be distributed to the ventricles

4: bundle branches: these carry impulses to base of each ventricle

5: Purkinje Fibres- these distribute the impulse through ventricle walls, causing them to contract

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16
Q

Learn the structure of the heart

A

Eg aorta, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, R+L atrium, R+L ventricle, septum, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, inferior vena cava, aortic valve, pulmonary valve

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17
Q

What is the heart rate graph like for sub maximal exercise (aerobic)

A

Anticipatory rise before exercise
When exercise starts, rapid increase
Steady state (line is flat)
Exercise ends, rapid decrease

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18
Q

What is the heart rate graph like for to maximal (anaerobic) excerise

A

Anticipatory rise
As exercise starts, rapid increase, and then a slower increase
As exercise ends, rapid decrease and then a slower decrease

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19
Q

What is the heart rate graph like for fluctuating intensities of exercise

A

Anticipatory rise
As exercise starts constant increase and decrease of HR in fluctuating pattern

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20
Q

Why is SV able to increase by 40-60% working capacity, why does it plateau during sub max exercise

A

Increased venous return
Frank-starling mechanism

Increased HR does not allow enough time for ventricles to fill completely during diastolic phase, limiting Frank starling mechanism

21
Q

What does the cardiac control center do

A

Controlled by autonomic nervous system (ANS) and determines the firing of SA node

Located in medulla oblongata

Responsible for regulating heart via motor neurons- sympathetic nervous system increases HR via accelerator nerve, parasympathetic nervous system decreases HR via vagus nerve

22
Q

What are the 3 things that make up neural control

A

Proprioceptors: in muscles, tendons and joints, inform CCC that movement has increased

Chemoreceptors: located in aorta and carotid arteries, detect decrease in blood ph due to increase to lactic acid and CO2

Baroreceptors: located in blood vessel walls, inform CCC increased blood pressure

23
Q

What are the 2 things that make up the intrinsic control

A

Temperature:: changes affect blood viscosity and speed of nerve impulse transmission

Venous return: changes affect the stretch in ventricle walls, force of contraction and SV

24
Q

What makes up hormonal control

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline: released from adrenal glands and increase SV and HR

25
Q

What mechanism aid venous return

A

Pocket valves- within veins prevent back flow of blood

Smooth muscle- is in wall of each vein so can venocontrisct, helps push blood back towards heart

Gravity- blood from upper body above heart, aided by gravity in its return

Muscle pump- many veins situated between skeletal muscles; during exercise they squeeze on veins and help push blood back towards heart

Respiratory pump- helps return blood in thoracic cavity and abdomen back to heart, during exercise inspire and expire quicker and deeper, this rapidly changes pressure within thorax between high and low to help squeeze blood in area back to heart

26
Q

What is vascular shunt

A

As we start exercise, muscles demand more oxygen, so blood flow diverted to working muscles and away from non essential organs

27
Q

How does the vascular shunt mechanism work

A

At rest:
Arterioles to organs vasodilate, increasing blood flow, arterioles to muscle vasoconstrict to limit blood flow
Pre capillary sphincters dilate, opening up capillary beds to allow more blood flow to organ cells, beds of muscle construct

During exercise: opposite

28
Q

What is vasomotor control

A

Located in medulla onlongata
VCC alters level of stimulation send to arterioles and pre capillary sphincters at different sites in body allowing for vascular shunt

Receives information from: chemoreceptors and barorecptors

Increases sympathetic stimulation limits blood flow, decrease does opposite

29
Q

What are 2 main functions of respiratory system

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Gaseous exchange

30
Q

What is pathway of air during inhalation

A

Nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-primary bronchi-bronchiole-alveoli

31
Q

What % if oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in blood

A

O2
97% in hameoglobin, 3% blood plasma

CO2
70% dissolved in water carried as carboinic acid,23% hemoglobin, 7% dissolved in blood plasma

32
Q

What is breathing rate

A

Number of inspirations or expirations per minute
Untrained Resting 12-15
Trained 11-12
Untrained max value- 40-50
Trained 50-60

33
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per breath

Untrained resting 500ml
Trained 500ml
Max untrained 2.5-3L
Trained 3-3.5L

34
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute VE=TVxf

Resting untrained 6-7.5L/min
Trained 5.5-6
Max untrained 100-150L/min
Trained 160-210

35
Q

Describe what happens during inspiration at rest

A

External intercostal muscles contract, pulling chest up and our
Diaphragm contracts and flattens increasing size of chest

Increasing thoracic cavity decreases pressure causing air to move in

36
Q

What happens during inspiration at excericse

A

External intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract still
Sternocleidomastoid lifts sternum
Scalene and pectoralis minor contract and lift ribs up more

Volume of thoracic cavity increases, creating large concentration gradient between inside lungs and outside body, more air enters quicker

37
Q

What happens during expiration at rest

A

External intercostal muscles relax and diaphragm relaxes

Thoracic volume decreases increasing pressure forcing air out

38
Q

What happens during expiration at exercise

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
Internal intercostal muscles contract
Rectus abdominus contracts

Decrease in volume of thoracic cavity increases pressure forcing air out quicker cause of larger concentration gradient

39
Q

What does the inspiratory center do

A

Stimulates muscles to contract at rest and during exercise

40
Q

What does the expiratory center do

A

Inactive at rest, stimulate additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise

41
Q

What is the respiratory control center responsible of

A

Located in medulla oblongata
Respiratory regulation

42
Q

How does the respiratory regulation center receive information

A

Chemical: chemoreceptors, located in aorta and arteries, detect changes in blood acidity, increases in CO2 decreases In O2

Neural:
Thermoreceptors, inform of increase in blood temp
Proprioceptors, inform of motor activity in muscles and joints
Baroreceptors, located in lung tissue and bronchioles, inform of state of lung inflation

43
Q

Is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide higher or lower before and after entering the capillaries

A

Before
pO2=40
pCO2=46

After
pO2=100
pCO2=40

44
Q

What is external respiration

A

During exercise Deoxygenated blood reruns to lungs has lower pO2 and higher pCO2 than at rest, O2 and CO2 diffusion gradient steepens in alveoli

45
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Internal respiration is exchange of gases at muscle cells between oxygenated blood that arrives in capillaries and carbon dioxide producing muscle cells

46
Q

Describe the oxyhaemoglobin curve

A

Haemoglobin % saturation on y axis
PO2 on x axis

Resting tissue:40mmHg is 75% and 100 lungs is 100%

Exercise tissue is 15mmHg and 25% lungs 100 and 100%

47
Q

What is the Bohr shift and what are the effects

A

The effects move oxyhaemoglobin curve to the right

Increase in blood and muscle temperature
Increase in pp of CO2 (raising pCO2)
Increase in production of lactic acid and carbonic acid (lowering pH)

48
Q

What is the impact on performance of the Bohr shift

A

At any given pO2 for exercising muscle tissue, % saturation of oxyhaemoglobin is far lower therefore dissociation of O2 to respiring tissue is greater

Enhances volume of O2 available for diffusion therefore aerobic production of exercise

49
Q

why would the oxyhaemoglobin curve shift to the right or left

A

Shift right:Increase in temperature, increase in CO2, decrease In pH
Left is the opposite

Pe (9 decks)

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