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Cardiovascular System And Respiratory ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is diastole

A

Relaxation of atria and ventricles causes lower pressure within the heart

Blood then passively flows through the atria and into ventricles

Av valves are open, allows blood to move freely from atria to the ventricles

Semilunar valves are closed

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2
Q

What is systole

A

Atrial systole: atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles

Ventricular systole: ventricles contract, AV valves close, semilunar valves open, blood pushed out of ventricles and into the large arteries leaving the heart.

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3
Q

How long is diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole

A

Diastole: 0.4 seconds
Atrial systole: 0.1 seconds
Ventricular systole: 0.3 seconds

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4
Q

Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood

A

BODY-Vena cava-right atrium-tricuspid valve- right ventricle-semilunar valve-pulmonary artery-LUNGS

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5
Q

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood

A

LUNGS-pulmonary vein- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- semilunar valve- aorta- BODY

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6
Q

Definition of heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

Rest Untrained= 70-72
Trained= 50

Sub max untrained: 100-130
Trained: 95-120

Max untrained and trained: 220- age

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7
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume

A

Amount of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat

Rest Untrained= 70ml
Trained=100ml

Sub max untrained: 100-120ml
Trained: 160-200 ml

Max untrained: 100-120
Trained: 160-200ml

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8
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
HR X SV= CO

Rest Untrained= 5L/min
Trained= 5L/min

Sub max untrained: 10-15L/min
Trained: 15-20

Max untrained: 20-30
Trained:30-30

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9
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A resting heart rate below 60bpm

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10
Q

What is the definition of max heart rate

A

Calculated by subtracting your age from 220

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11
Q

How can Stroke volume be able to increase

A

Increased venous return (due to skeletal muscle pump)
The Frank-Starling mechanism

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12
Q

What do arteries are arterioles do, how are they able to do this

A

Carry oxygenated blood from heart muscles and organs
Contain blood under high pressure

Large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict
Arterioles have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the capillary bed

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13
Q

What are capillaries

A

Capillary walls are 1 cell thick
Where gas exchange takes place, O2 passes through capillary wall and into the tissues; CO2 passes from tissues into blood through capillary wall

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14
Q

What do veins and venules do

A

These carry deoxygenated blood from muscles are organs back to the heart, have thin walls
They have a smaller layer of smooth muscle, allowing them to venodilate and venoconstrict
Contain blood under low pressure
Have 1 way pocket to prevent backflow of blood

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15
Q

What 5 things make up the conduction system

A

1: SA node- generates electrical impulses causing atria walls to contract (known as pacemaker, determines heart rate)

2: AV node- collects the impulse and delays it by 0.1 seconds to allow atria to finish contracting

3: bundle of his- located in septum, splits the impulse in 2, ready to be distributed to the ventricles

4: bundle branches: these carry impulses to base of each ventricle

5: Purkinje Fibres- these distribute the impulse through ventricle walls, causing them to contract

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16
Q

Learn the structure of the heart

A

Eg aorta, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, R+L atrium, R+L ventricle, septum, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, inferior vena cava, aortic valve, pulmonary valve

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17
Q

What is the heart rate graph like for sub maximal exercise (aerobic)

A

Anticipatory rise before exercise
When exercise starts, rapid increase
Steady state (line is flat)
Exercise ends, rapid decrease

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18
Q

What is the heart rate graph like for to maximal (anaerobic) excerise

A

Anticipatory rise
As exercise starts, rapid increase, and then a slower increase
As exercise ends, rapid decrease and then a slower decrease

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19
Q

What is the heart rate graph like for fluctuating intensities of exercise

A

Anticipatory rise
As exercise starts constant increase and decrease of HR in fluctuating pattern

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20
Q

Why is SV able to increase by 40-60% working capacity, why does it plateau during sub max exercise

A

Increased venous return
Frank-starling mechanism

Increased HR does not allow enough time for ventricles to fill completely during diastolic phase, limiting Frank starling mechanism

21
Q

What does the cardiac control center do

A

Controlled by autonomic nervous system (ANS) and determines the firing of SA node

Located in medulla oblongata

Responsible for regulating heart via motor neurons- sympathetic nervous system increases HR via accelerator nerve, parasympathetic nervous system decreases HR via vagus nerve

22
Q

What are the 3 things that make up neural control

A

Proprioceptors: in muscles, tendons and joints, inform CCC that movement has increased

Chemoreceptors: located in aorta and carotid arteries, detect decrease in blood ph due to increase to lactic acid and CO2

Baroreceptors: located in blood vessel walls, inform CCC increased blood pressure

23
Q

What are the 2 things that make up the intrinsic control

A

Temperature:: changes affect blood viscosity and speed of nerve impulse transmission

Venous return: changes affect the stretch in ventricle walls, force of contraction and SV

24
Q

What makes up hormonal control

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline: released from adrenal glands and increase SV and HR

25
What mechanism aid venous return
Pocket valves- within veins prevent back flow of blood Smooth muscle- is in wall of each vein so can venocontrisct, helps push blood back towards heart Gravity- blood from upper body above heart, aided by gravity in its return Muscle pump- many veins situated between skeletal muscles; during exercise they squeeze on veins and help push blood back towards heart Respiratory pump- helps return blood in thoracic cavity and abdomen back to heart, during exercise inspire and expire quicker and deeper, this rapidly changes pressure within thorax between high and low to help squeeze blood in area back to heart
26
What is vascular shunt
As we start exercise, muscles demand more oxygen, so blood flow diverted to working muscles and away from non essential organs
27
How does the vascular shunt mechanism work
At rest: Arterioles to organs vasodilate, increasing blood flow, arterioles to muscle vasoconstrict to limit blood flow Pre capillary sphincters dilate, opening up capillary beds to allow more blood flow to organ cells, beds of muscle construct During exercise: opposite
28
What is vasomotor control
Located in medulla onlongata VCC alters level of stimulation send to arterioles and pre capillary sphincters at different sites in body allowing for vascular shunt Receives information from: chemoreceptors and barorecptors Increases sympathetic stimulation limits blood flow, decrease does opposite
29
What are 2 main functions of respiratory system
Pulmonary ventilation Gaseous exchange
30
What is pathway of air during inhalation
Nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-primary bronchi-bronchiole-alveoli
31
What % if oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in blood
O2 97% in hameoglobin, 3% blood plasma CO2 70% dissolved in water carried as carboinic acid,23% hemoglobin, 7% dissolved in blood plasma
32
What is breathing rate
Number of inspirations or expirations per minute Untrained Resting 12-15 Trained 11-12 Untrained max value- 40-50 Trained 50-60
33
What is tidal volume
Volume of air inspired or expired per breath Untrained resting 500ml Trained 500ml Max untrained 2.5-3L Trained 3-3.5L
34
What is minute ventilation
Volume of air inspired or expired per minute VE=TVxf Resting untrained 6-7.5L/min Trained 5.5-6 Max untrained 100-150L/min Trained 160-210
35
Describe what happens during inspiration at rest
External intercostal muscles contract, pulling chest up and our Diaphragm contracts and flattens increasing size of chest Increasing thoracic cavity decreases pressure causing air to move in
36
What happens during inspiration at excericse
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract still Sternocleidomastoid lifts sternum Scalene and pectoralis minor contract and lift ribs up more Volume of thoracic cavity increases, creating large concentration gradient between inside lungs and outside body, more air enters quicker
37
What happens during expiration at rest
External intercostal muscles relax and diaphragm relaxes Thoracic volume decreases increasing pressure forcing air out
38
What happens during expiration at exercise
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax Internal intercostal muscles contract Rectus abdominus contracts Decrease in volume of thoracic cavity increases pressure forcing air out quicker cause of larger concentration gradient
39
What does the inspiratory center do
Stimulates muscles to contract at rest and during exercise
40
What does the expiratory center do
Inactive at rest, stimulate additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise
41
What is the respiratory control center responsible of
Located in medulla oblongata Respiratory regulation
42
How does the respiratory regulation center receive information
Chemical: chemoreceptors, located in aorta and arteries, detect changes in blood acidity, increases in CO2 decreases In O2 Neural: Thermoreceptors, inform of increase in blood temp Proprioceptors, inform of motor activity in muscles and joints Baroreceptors, located in lung tissue and bronchioles, inform of state of lung inflation
43
Is the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide higher or lower before and after entering the capillaries
Before pO2=40 pCO2=46 After pO2=100 pCO2=40
44
What is external respiration
During exercise Deoxygenated blood reruns to lungs has lower pO2 and higher pCO2 than at rest, O2 and CO2 diffusion gradient steepens in alveoli
45
What is internal respiration
Internal respiration is exchange of gases at muscle cells between oxygenated blood that arrives in capillaries and carbon dioxide producing muscle cells
46
Describe the oxyhaemoglobin curve
Haemoglobin % saturation on y axis PO2 on x axis Resting tissue:40mmHg is 75% and 100 lungs is 100% Exercise tissue is 15mmHg and 25% lungs 100 and 100%
47
What is the Bohr shift and what are the effects
The effects move oxyhaemoglobin curve to the right Increase in blood and muscle temperature Increase in pp of CO2 (raising pCO2) Increase in production of lactic acid and carbonic acid (lowering pH)
48
What is the impact on performance of the Bohr shift
At any given pO2 for exercising muscle tissue, % saturation of oxyhaemoglobin is far lower therefore dissociation of O2 to respiring tissue is greater Enhances volume of O2 available for diffusion therefore aerobic production of exercise
49
why would the oxyhaemoglobin curve shift to the right or left
Shift right:Increase in temperature, increase in CO2, decrease In pH Left is the opposite

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