Skeletal And Muscular System ✅ Flashcards
What bones make up the axial skeleton
Vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, cranium
What is the structure and function of a ligament
Structure: a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue
Function: Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement
What is the structure and function of the synovial fluid
Structure: Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity
Function: reduces friction and nourishes articulate cartilage
What is the structure and function of the articulation cartilage
Structure: Smooth tissue that covers the surface of articulating bones
Function: absorbs shock and allows friction- free movement
What is the structure and function of the joint capsule
Structure: a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
Function: encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
What is the structure and function of the bursa
Structure: a closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones
Function: reduces friction between tendons and bones
List the 3 planes of movement
Sagittal, frontal, transverse
What movements occur on a sagittal plane
Flexion, extension,dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion
What movements occur on a frontal plane
Abduction, addiction
What movements occur on a transverse plane
Horizontal extension, horizontal flexion, rotation
List the 3 joint types and give an example for each
Ball and socket (shoulder), hinge (elbow), Condyloid (wrist)
What are the plans of movements at a ball and socket join
Sagittal, frontal, transverse
What are the plane of movements of a hinge joint
Sagittal
What are the plane of movements of a condyloid joint
Sagittal and frontal
List the articulating bones of a shoulder joint
Numerous and scapula
List all of the agonist and antagonist muscle pairs for the shoulder joint across all the planes of movement
Sagittal (flexion): agonist=anterior deltoid, agonist=posterior deltoid
Frontal (addiction): agonist=latissimus dorsi, antagonist=middle deltoid
Transverse (horizontal flexion): agonist=pectoralis major, antagonist=posterior deltoid and teres minor
Transverse (medial rotation): agonist=teres major and subscapularis, antagonist=teres minor and infraspinatous
List all of the agonist and antagonist muscles for the elbow joint
Flexion: agonist=biceps brachii, antagonist=triceps brachii
List all of the agonist and antagonist muscles at the wrist joint
Flexion: agonist=wrist flexors, antagonist= wrist extensors
List the articulating bones at the elbow joint
Humerus, radius, ulna
List the articulating bones of the wrist joint
Radius, ulna, carpals
List the articulating bones at the hip joint
Pelvic girdle, femur
List the agonist and antagonist muscles at the hip
Flexion: agonist=iliopsoas, antagonist=gluteus Maximus
Adduction: agonist=adductor groups (brevis, longus, magnus adductors), antagonist=gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Medial rotation: agonist=gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, antagonist=gluteus Maximus
List the articulating bones at the knee joint
Femur, tibia
List the agonist and antagonist muscles at knee
Flexion: agonist=hamstring group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), antagonist=quadriceps group
What is the articulating bones at the ankle
Tibia, fibula, talus
List the agonist and antagonist muscles for the ankle
Dorsi Flexion: agonist=tibialis anterior, antagonist=gastrocnemius and Soleus
What is isotonic contraction
Maintain constant tension in the muscles as they change length
What is concentric contraction
Muscles shortens to produce tension
What is eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens to produce tension
What is isometric contraction
Muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created
Summarize the role of a motor unit
- Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
- Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
- If the electrical charge is above threshold, the muscle fiber with contract
Structure and function of fast oxidative glycolitic muscle fibres
Structure
Neuron size: large
Fibres per neuron: many
Capillary density: high
Mitochondria and myoglobin density: moderate
Phosphocreatine store: high
Function
Speed of contraction: fast
Force of contraction: high
Fatigue resistance, aerobic and anaerobic capacity: moderate
Structure and function of fast glycolytic muscle Fibres
Structure
Neuron size: large
Fibres per neuron: many
Capillary density, mitochondria density, myoglobin density: low
Phosphocreatine store: high
Function
Speed of contraction: fast
Force of contraction: High
Fatigue resistance, aerobic capacity: low
Anaerobic capacity: high as
Give sporting example of when fast oxidative glycolytic muscle Fibres are used
800-1500m, 200m freestyle
