Skeletal And Muscular System ✅

Question 1

What bones make up the axial skeleton

Answer 1

Vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, cranium

Question 2

What is the structure and function of a ligament

Answer 2

Structure: a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue
Function: Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

Question 3

What is the structure and function of the synovial fluid

Answer 3

Structure: Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity
Function: reduces friction and nourishes articulate cartilage

Question 4

What is the structure and function of the articulation cartilage

Answer 4

Structure: Smooth tissue that covers the surface of articulating bones
Function: absorbs shock and allows friction- free movement

Question 5

What is the structure and function of the joint capsule

Answer 5

Structure: a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
Function: encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 6

What is the structure and function of the bursa

Answer 6

Structure: a closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones
Function: reduces friction between tendons and bones

Question 7

List the 3 planes of movement

Answer 7

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

Question 8

What movements occur on a sagittal plane

Answer 8

Flexion, extension,dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion

Question 9

What movements occur on a frontal plane

Answer 9

Abduction, addiction

Question 10

What movements occur on a transverse plane

Answer 10

Horizontal extension, horizontal flexion, rotation

Question 11

List the 3 joint types and give an example for each

Answer 11

Ball and socket (shoulder), hinge (elbow), Condyloid (wrist)

Question 12

What are the plans of movements at a ball and socket join

Answer 12

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

Question 13

What are the plane of movements of a hinge joint

Answer 13

Sagittal

Question 14

What are the plane of movements of a condyloid joint

Answer 14

Sagittal and frontal

Question 15

List the articulating bones of a shoulder joint

Answer 15

Numerous and scapula

Question 16

List all of the agonist and antagonist muscle pairs for the shoulder joint across all the planes of movement

Answer 16

Sagittal (flexion): agonist=anterior deltoid, agonist=posterior deltoid

Frontal (addiction): agonist=latissimus dorsi, antagonist=middle deltoid

Transverse (horizontal flexion): agonist=pectoralis major, antagonist=posterior deltoid and teres minor

Transverse (medial rotation): agonist=teres major and subscapularis, antagonist=teres minor and infraspinatous

Question 17

List all of the agonist and antagonist muscles for the elbow joint

Answer 17

Flexion: agonist=biceps brachii, antagonist=triceps brachii

Question 18

List all of the agonist and antagonist muscles at the wrist joint

Answer 18

Flexion: agonist=wrist flexors, antagonist= wrist extensors

Question 19

List the articulating bones at the elbow joint

Answer 19

Humerus, radius, ulna

Question 20

List the articulating bones of the wrist joint

Answer 20

Radius, ulna, carpals

Question 21

List the articulating bones at the hip joint

Answer 21

Pelvic girdle, femur

Question 22

List the agonist and antagonist muscles at the hip

Answer 22

Flexion: agonist=iliopsoas, antagonist=gluteus Maximus

Adduction: agonist=adductor groups (brevis, longus, magnus adductors), antagonist=gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

Medial rotation: agonist=gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, antagonist=gluteus Maximus

Question 23

List the articulating bones at the knee joint

Answer 23

Femur, tibia

Question 24

List the agonist and antagonist muscles at knee

Answer 24

Flexion: agonist=hamstring group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), antagonist=quadriceps group

Question 25

What is the articulating bones at the ankle

Answer 25

Tibia, fibula, talus

Question 26

List the agonist and antagonist muscles for the ankle

Answer 26

Dorsi Flexion: agonist=tibialis anterior, antagonist=gastrocnemius and Soleus

Question 27

What is isotonic contraction

Answer 27

Maintain constant tension in the muscles as they change length

Question 28

What is concentric contraction

Answer 28

Muscles shortens to produce tension

Question 29

What is eccentric contraction

Answer 29

Muscle lengthens to produce tension

Question 30

What is isometric contraction

Answer 30

Muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created

Question 31

Summarize the role of a motor unit

Answer 31

1. Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
2. Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
3. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
4. If the electrical charge is above threshold, the muscle fiber with contract

Question 32

Structure and function of fast oxidative glycolitic muscle fibres

Answer 32

Structure
Neuron size: large
Fibres per neuron: many
Capillary density: high
Mitochondria and myoglobin density: moderate
Phosphocreatine store: high

Function
Speed of contraction: fast
Force of contraction: high
Fatigue resistance, aerobic and anaerobic capacity: moderate

Question 33

Structure and function of fast glycolytic muscle Fibres

Answer 33

Structure
Neuron size: large
Fibres per neuron: many
Capillary density, mitochondria density, myoglobin density: low
Phosphocreatine store: high

Function
Speed of contraction: fast
Force of contraction: High
Fatigue resistance, aerobic capacity: low
Anaerobic capacity: high as

Question 34

Give sporting example of when fast oxidative glycolytic muscle Fibres are used

Answer 34

800-1500m, 200m freestyle