Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport✅ Flashcards
Definition of blood doping
The misuse of techniques and/ or substances to increase one’s red blood cell count
Why would someone blood dope
More RBC’s=higher volume of haemoglobin which means extra O2 can be transported to working muscles which allows for a higher level of performance
What do anabolic steroids do
Allow athletes to train harder and for longer, and often increase strength and aggression
What do beta blockers do
Control heart rate and keep athlete calm
What do stimulants do
Increase alertness, for example amphetamines
What are other prohibited substances
Narcotic analgesics, anabolic agents, diuretics, masking agents, peptide hormones, anti Oestrogen substances, medication metics and analogues
List 3 prohibited methods of drugs
Enhancement of oxygen transfer, blood doping, gene doping
What are advantages of legal supplements
Dietary supplements claim to help build muscle, increase stamina, control weight etc
Ergogenic aids are claimed to increase strength, performance, recovery
Staying hydrated through drinking water or energy drinks can improve and aid performance
What are disadvantages of legal supplements
Some may not be what they seem, could contain banned substances or be contaminated
Health implications have been suggested for long term use of creatine supplements
Energy drinks contain high level of sugar, contributing to obesity and tooth decay
Philosophical arguments, taking supplements not in spirit of fair play
Why would elite performers use illegal drugs
Pressure to succeed
Pressure from coaches
Political pressure
High monetary rewards for winning and lucrative sport deals
Thinking that ‘everyone else is doing it’
What are the 3 types of consequences of drugs in sport
Societal consequences
Sporting consequences
Performer consequences
What is societal consequences
Society seen as corrupt and full of unethical citizens who will do anything to ‘win at all cost’
What are the 3 sporting consequences
Concept of fair play is severely challenged
Cheating
Sports become ‘tainted’, struggling to gain sponsorship
What are performer consequences
Severe dangers to health and wellbeing
Possible death
What are the 5 ways to stop illegal drugs
WADA draws up a list of banned substances, provide assistance to countries own anti-doping programs and funds research
Drug testing can be performed in and out of competitions
Drug education provided for athletes and coaches
A culture of keeping sport free from drug cheats and created and reinforced
Punishments for drug use to be more rigorous and longer
What are causes of violence
A desire to win so overwhelming
The nature of the activity
Frustration of events
Alcohol and social/ performance drugs
Rivalries
Media increasing tension
Perception of unfairness/ poor officiating
Deindividuation
What are societal implications of violence
Sport often a reflection of society, tackle violence in society
Spectators relish violence eg boxing is different in streets
What are sporting implications of violence
Governing bodies have own disciplinary processes to maintain non violent behavior
Playing strategies that promote violence be punished
Rule changes should be adopted to make violence less likely
What are performer implications of violence
Education of performers is important as they responsible for actions
Performers need to be aware that they are role models and their behavior likely to be copied
Strategies to prevent violence
The education of performers, encouraging awareness of emotions
Punishments at the time
Encourage coaches to promote assertion rather then aggression
Law enforcement in spectator violence
Sophisticated policing methods
What are the 3 types of gambling
Match fixing/ bribery
Spot betting
Illegal sports betting
What is match fixing/ bribery, give an example
Match fixing-Playing a game to a completely or partially pre-determined result
Bribery-Offering money/gifts to gain an unfair advantage
Juventus 2006 Calciopoli Scandal - fixing referee appointments to ensure they would win
South African cricketer Hanse Cronje accepting money from illegal bookies to underperform
What is spot betting, give an example
Placing a bet with an unregistered bookmarker
William Hill, Bet365 and Ladbrokes are ALL registered
What are the factors leading to commercialization
Growing public interest and spectatorship: greater the spectatorship the more money is attracted to sports
More media interest: events televised leading to companies wanting to sponsor event and participants
Professionalism: likely to attract sponsorship from commercial organizers
Advertising: sport present opportunities to sell more goods, spot used is promoted can affect participation rates
Sponsorship: increased publicity and sales for sponsor and financial support for performer
