Contemporary Issues In Physical Activity And Sport✅ Flashcards
Definition of blood doping
The misuse of techniques and/ or substances to increase one’s red blood cell count
Why would someone blood dope
More RBC’s=higher volume of haemoglobin which means extra O2 can be transported to working muscles which allows for a higher level of performance
What do anabolic steroids do
Allow athletes to train harder and for longer, and often increase strength and aggression
What do beta blockers do
Control heart rate and keep athlete calm
What do stimulants do
Increase alertness, for example amphetamines
What are other prohibited substances
Narcotic analgesics, anabolic agents, diuretics, masking agents, peptide hormones, anti Oestrogen substances, medication metics and analogues
List 3 prohibited methods of drugs
Enhancement of oxygen transfer, blood doping, gene doping
What are advantages of legal supplements
Dietary supplements claim to help build muscle, increase stamina, control weight etc
Ergogenic aids are claimed to increase strength, performance, recovery
Staying hydrated through drinking water or energy drinks can improve and aid performance
What are disadvantages of legal supplements
Some may not be what they seem, could contain banned substances or be contaminated
Health implications have been suggested for long term use of creatine supplements
Energy drinks contain high level of sugar, contributing to obesity and tooth decay
Philosophical arguments, taking supplements not in spirit of fair play
Why would elite performers use illegal drugs
Pressure to succeed
Pressure from coaches
Political pressure
High monetary rewards for winning and lucrative sport deals
Thinking that ‘everyone else is doing it’
What are the 3 types of consequences of drugs in sport
Societal consequences
Sporting consequences
Performer consequences
What is societal consequences
Society seen as corrupt and full of unethical citizens who will do anything to ‘win at all cost’
What are the 3 sporting consequences
Concept of fair play is severely challenged
Cheating
Sports become ‘tainted’, struggling to gain sponsorship
What are performer consequences
Severe dangers to health and wellbeing
Possible death
What are the 5 ways to stop illegal drugs
WADA draws up a list of banned substances, provide assistance to countries own anti-doping programs and funds research
Drug testing can be performed in and out of competitions
Drug education provided for athletes and coaches
A culture of keeping sport free from drug cheats and created and reinforced
Punishments for drug use to be more rigorous and longer
What are causes of violence
A desire to win so overwhelming
The nature of the activity
Frustration of events
Alcohol and social/ performance drugs
Rivalries
Media increasing tension
Perception of unfairness/ poor officiating
Deindividuation
What are societal implications of violence
Sport often a reflection of society, tackle violence in society
Spectators relish violence eg boxing is different in streets
What are sporting implications of violence
Governing bodies have own disciplinary processes to maintain non violent behavior
Playing strategies that promote violence be punished
Rule changes should be adopted to make violence less likely
What are performer implications of violence
Education of performers is important as they responsible for actions
Performers need to be aware that they are role models and their behavior likely to be copied
Strategies to prevent violence
The education of performers, encouraging awareness of emotions
Punishments at the time
Encourage coaches to promote assertion rather then aggression
Law enforcement in spectator violence
Sophisticated policing methods
What are the 3 types of gambling
Match fixing/ bribery
Spot betting
Illegal sports betting
What is match fixing/ bribery, give an example
Match fixing-Playing a game to a completely or partially pre-determined result
Bribery-Offering money/gifts to gain an unfair advantage
Juventus 2006 Calciopoli Scandal - fixing referee appointments to ensure they would win
South African cricketer Hanse Cronje accepting money from illegal bookies to underperform
What is spot betting, give an example
Placing a bet with an unregistered bookmarker
William Hill, Bet365 and Ladbrokes are ALL registered
What are the factors leading to commercialization
Growing public interest and spectatorship: greater the spectatorship the more money is attracted to sports
More media interest: events televised leading to companies wanting to sponsor event and participants
Professionalism: likely to attract sponsorship from commercial organizers
Advertising: sport present opportunities to sell more goods, spot used is promoted can affect participation rates
Sponsorship: increased publicity and sales for sponsor and financial support for performer
What are the positive and negative impacts of commercialization for individual sports
Positive:
Sports can promote themselves, attracting more participants/spectators, can increase revenue
More money for sports can mean more facilities can be built and developed
Commercial investment into sports can develop all areas from grassroots to international teams
Negatives:
Less popular sports attract less sponsorship and therefore unable to develop as much as others
Female and disabled events msg lose out on commercial investment, as less popular and attract less media exposure for a potential sponsor
What are the positive and negative impacts of commercialization for society
Positive:
In Uk hold the view that sport about fair competition and everyone has equal chance to participate and win, sponsorship supports idea in that it can help to support training and competition
Negative:
Attracting sponsors can depend on factors. Eg some sportspeople more marketable than others. Is a reflection of society in that success can be based on factors other than talent
What are the positive and negative impacts of commercialization for performers
Positive:
Performers can receive kit and equipment from companies
Commercial organizations can fund athletes accommodation and travel
Athletes can spend more time training and competing rather than having to work
Negative:
Pressure to perform well to secure and keep sponsorship deals
Pressure to win could lead to deviant behavior
Companies demand great deal of a performers time to promote products
Performers may have little control over careers, sponsors demanding they enter specific tournaments
What are the positive and negative impacts of commercialization for spectators
Positive:
Commercially supported event can provide more exciting spectacle and additional entertainment
Giant video screens and play back technology provide more information
Due to commercial investment, more competition in some sports, increasing accessibility for greater range of spectators
Negative:
Actual sporting action can become second place to advertisement
At live events advertising can be overwhelming and spoil enjoyment
Spectators may not agree with particular company’s ethics
Spectators may not want their team to be associated with particular brands
Cost to watch sport is to high
Give examples of type of media
Television- terrestrial, satellite, PPV
Printed press- newspaper, magazines
Radio/ local and national stations, sport stations
Internet
Social media
Cinema
How has coverage of sports changed since 1980
Sports presenters were generally male and little attention to female sport
Introduction of satellite television eg sky sport
Different types of media available to most people, media coverage more global
Different sports now accessible
What are positive and negative effects of media on performers
Positive:
Raise profile of a performer
Help develop performers careers
Negative:
Can highlight and promote sensational news, can increase pressure to perform
What are the positive and negatives of media on individual sports
Positive:
Raise profile of a sport
Boost participation numbers
Increase financial revenues (sponsorship and funding)
Give more coverage to minority sports and disability sports
Negative:
Highlight negative aspects of sport (eg hooliganism in football)
What are the positive and negative of media on spectators
Positive:
Increases number of people watching
Rules been influenced to make sports more accessible to wider audience
Different types of media available 24/7 and broadcast all over world
Negative:
Provide negative coverage- possible promoting hooliganism and unrest among some countries
Cost of subscription to satellite TV can be prohibitive
What is the golden triangle
Relationship between sport, sponsorship and media
Eg sky sports (media) show the Sky Bet (sponsor) Championship (football/sport)
What is the role of UK sport
To invest national lottery funds and income from government to maximize performance of Uk athletes in Olympic and Paralympic Games and global sporting events
70% of its income in 2 ways:
-to NGBs, enabling them to operate a World Class programme
- funding athletes directly through Athlete performance award
How does UK sport indentify elite performance
1: identifying potential talent in sport
- phase 1: physical tests and skill tests
-phase 2-3: functional movements test screening medical screening psychological and behavioral assessments
2: supporting athlete’s lifestyle
3: supporting an athlete’s coaching
4: supporting through research, sports science and sports medicine
5: providing World Class programme with 2 levels
-podium:supporting athletes with realistic medal-winning capabilities at next Olympic/Paralympic Games
Podium potential: supporting athletes whose performance suggests then have realistic medal winning capabilities in subsequent Olympics/paralympics
What are the roles of schools colleges and clubs
Provide PE for all young people and extra curricular activities and clubs
Government supplies schools with funds to support school sport
Fa, ECB, RFU etc send coaches to primary school to improve sports provision
Sport England encourages schools and colleges to link community sport
Schools offer qualifications in sports at GCSE and A level
Schools and collagen play fixtures
What role do universities have in contributing to elite sports success
Offer scholarships, enables access to special supporting services
Top sports facilities located at Unis, involved in development of sporting excellence
Talented athletes scholarship scheme and winning students scheme both governed funded
Some unis host centers of sporting excellence, can be linked to national sports institutes
What is the role of national institutes of sport
Provide sports science and technology help
Work with coaches and sports administrators to help improve performance
Give technical support that enables athletes and coaches to optimize their training programs, max competition and improve health and availability to train
What strategies are there to address drop out or failure from development programs and why do people drop out
Poor performance
Injury
Pressure from outside sports
Pressure from media
Stress relating to financial impact
Lifestyle is available to all athletes on world class program
Training advisers at EIS give athletes necessary skills to cope with demand of being an elite performer
Give examples of technology for elite performers
Rehabilitation and elite training sites
Hypoxic chamber
Precision hydration techniques
More effective physiological laboratory testing
Provision of equipment eg engineering ski boots
Give examples of technology for general performe s
Health screening devices
Prosthetic devices
Wheelchair devices
Improved access to buildings
Improves sport surfaces
Improvement in design of trainers
What are some drawbacks of increasing technology
Cost of equipment and facilities
- equipment expensive has led to inequality for both elite and recreational performers
- developing countries, expense of sophisticated equipment and facilities is prohibitive
Range of alternative to physical activity and sport
- computers, game consoles make people sedentary and less likely to take part in sport
How has technology increased fair outcomes
Increased accountability of officials
Most professional sports use instant reply to make right decisions
Improved detection of doping
Improved detection of foul play
Better timing devices are available
How has technology limited fair outcomes
Sports officials report feeling under pressure to use technology
Enables media to highlight an officials mistake
Performance enhancing drug testing cannot keep up with new drug development
Access to modern technology can be limited
How has technology increased entertainment
Modern technology increased entertainment for TV viewers via action replays and slow Mo playback
Giant screens to show action and replays
Officials access video replays to make key decisions
Multiple camera angles allow spectators to enjoy every aspect of performance
Performance is analyzed at intervals by pundits
Mobile phones mean sport available 24/7
How has technology reduced entertainment
Constant interruptions can interfere with flow of an event
Reduce number of people attending life by watching it online
